Symptomatic gallstone disease: Recurrence patterns and risk factors for relapse after first admission, the RELAPSTONE study.

BACKGROUND: Delayed cholecystectomy in patients with symptomatic gallstone disease is associated with recurrence. Limited data on the recurrence patterns and the factors that determine them are available. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine the pattern of relapse in each symptomatic gallstone disease (acute pancreatitis, cholecystitis, cholangitis, symptomatic choledocholithiasis, and biliary colic) and determine the associated factors. METHODS: RELAPSTONE was an international multicenter retrospective cohort study. Patients (n = 3016) from 18 tertiary centers who suffered a first episode of symptomatic gallstone disease from 2018 to 2020 and had not undergone cholecystectomy during admission were included. The main outcome was relapse-free survival. Kaplan-Meier curves were used in the bivariate analysis. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to identify prognostic factors associated with relapses. RESULTS: Mean age was 76.6 [IQR: 59.7-84.1], and 51% were male. The median follow-up was 5.3 months [IQR 2.1-12.4]. Relapse-free survival was 0.79 (95% CI: 0.77-0.80) at 3 months, 0.71 (95% CI: 0.69-0.73) at 6 months, and 0.63 (95% CI: 0.61-0.65) at 12 months. In multivariable analysis, older age (HR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.49-0.66), sphincterotomy (HR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.49-0.68) and higher leukocyte count (HR = 0.79; 95% CI: 0.70-0.90) were independently associated with lower risk of relapse, whereas higher levels of alanine aminotransferase (HR = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.02-1.46) and multiple cholelithiasis (HR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.05-1.34) were associated with higher relapse rates. CONCLUSION: The relapse rate is high and different in each symptomatic gallstone disease. Our independent predictors could be useful for prioritizing patients on the waiting list for cholecystectomies.

Pancreatic cancer, autoimmune or chronic pancreatitis, beyond tissue diagnosis: Collateral imaging and clinical characteristics may differentiate them.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal malignancies and is developing into the 2nd leading cause of cancer-related death. Often, the clinical and radiological presentation of PDAC may be mirrored by other inflammatory pancreatic masses, such as autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) and mass-forming chronic pancreatitis (MFCP), making its diagnosis challenging. Differentiating AIP and MFCP from PDAC is vital due to significant therapeutic and prognostic implications. Current diagnostic criteria and tools allow the precise differentiation of benign from malignant masses; however, the diagnostic accuracy is imperfect. Major pancreatic resections have been performed in AIP cases under initial suspicion of PDAC after a diagnostic approach failed to provide an accurate diagnosis. It is not unusual that after a thorough diagnostic evaluation, the clinician is confronted with a pancreatic mass with uncertain diagnosis. In those cases, a re-evaluation must be entertained, preferably by an experienced multispecialty team including radiologists, pathologists, gastroenterologists, and surgeons, looking for disease-specific clinical, imaging, and histological hallmarks or collateral evidence that could favor a specific diagnosis. Our aim is to describe current diagnostic limitations that hinder our ability to reach an accurate diagnosis among AIP, PDAC, and MFCP and to highlight those disease-specific clinical, radiological, serological, and histological characteristics that could support the presence of any of these three disorders when facing a pancreatic mass with uncertain diagnosis after an initial diagnostic approach has been unsuccessful.

Comparación de distintas herramientas para la evaluación de la malnutrición y la sarcopenia en pacientes con cirrosis hepática / Comparison of different tools for the evaluation of malnutrition and sarcopenia in patients with liver cirrhosis

Introducción: la malnutrición y la sarcopenia son frecuentes en la población con cirrosis hepática y generan un impacto negativo en el estado funcional y la esperanza de vida de estos pacientes. Existen múltiples herramientas para la valoración de la malnutrición y la sarcopenia en los pacientes con cirrosis hepática. Objetivo: valorar la malnutrición y la sarcopenia en la cirrosis hepática y comparar distintas herramientas diagnósticas aplicables en esta población. Método: se realizó un estudio analítico de corte transversal con muestreo a conveniencia mediante inclusión continua de pacientes con cirrosis hepática en un hospital de tercer nivel durante diciembre de 2018 a mayo de 2019. Se realizó la valoración nutricional con la antropometría del brazo, el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y el algoritmo del Royal Free Hospital Subjetive Global Assessment (RFH-SGA). Para la valoración de la sarcopenia se aplicó la fuerza de agarre de la mano con un dinamómetro. Los resultados se reportaron en medidas de tendencia central expresadas en frecuencia y porcentaje. (AU)

Introduction: malnutrition and sarcopenia are frequent in the population with liver cirrhosis and have a negative impact on the performance status and life expectancy of these patients. There are multiple assessment tools for malnutrition and sarcopenia in cirrhosis. Some of these tools are reproducible and easy to apply, which facilitates their global application for screening malnutrition and sarcopenia. Objective: to assess malnutrition and sarcopenia in liver cirrhosis and to compare the accuracy of diagnostic tools in this population. Method: a cross-sectional analytical study was conducted with convenience sampling by using continuous inclusion of patients with liver cirrhosis in a tertiary care center during December 2018 to May 2019. The nutritional assessment was carried out with arm anthropometry, body mass index (BMI), and the algorithm of the Royal Free Hospital Subjective Global Assessment (RFH-SGA). For the evaluation of sarcopenia, the hand grip strength test with a hand dynamometer was applied. The results were reported in measures of central tendency expressed in frequency and percentage. A Kendall’s Tau-b rank correlation coefficient was performed with non-parametric variables, considering a p < 0.05 as a statistically significant value. (AU)

[Comparison of different tools for the evaluation of malnutrition and sarcopenia in patients with liver cirrhosis]. / Comparación de distintas herramientas para la evaluación de la malnutrición y la sarcopenia en pacientes con cirrosis hepática.

Introduction: Introduction: malnutrition and sarcopenia are frequent in the population with liver cirrhosis and have a negative impact on the performance status and life expectancy of these patients. There are multiple assessment tools for malnutrition and sarcopenia in cirrhosis. Objective: to assess malnutrition and sarcopenia in liver cirrhosis and to compare the accuracy of diagnostic tools in this population. Method: a cross-sectional analytical study was conducted with convenience sampling by using continuous inclusion of patients with liver cirrhosis in a tertiary care center during December 2018 to May 2019. The nutritional assessment was carried out with arm anthropometry, body mass index (BMI), and the algorithm of the Royal Free Hospital Subjective Global Assessment (RFH-SGA). For the evaluation of sarcopenia, the hand grip strength test with a hand dynamometer was applied. The results were reported in measures of central tendency expressed in frequency and percentage. Results: a total of 103 patients were included with a predominance of the male gender (79.6 %) and a mean age of 51 years (± 10). The etiology of liver cirrhosis corresponded more frequently to alcohol consumption (68 %) and most of the patients were Child-Pugh C (57.3 %) with a mean MELD of 21.9 (± 8.9). A mean BMI with dry weight of 25.2 kg/m2 was reported, and with respect to the WHO classification by BMI, 7.8 % were underweight and 59.2 % were malnourished by RFH-SGA. Sarcopenia was present in 88.3 % using the hand grip strength test, for which a mean of 18.99 kg was found. A Kendall's Tau-b rank correlation coefficient was performed between BMI and RFH-SGA, which showed no statistically significant association, as well as between mean arm muscle circumference percentiles and hand grip strength. Conclusions: global assessment in liver cirrhosis should include screening for malnutrition and sarcopenia, for which validated, accessible and safe application tools should be used, such as anthropometric assessment, RFH-SGA, and hand grip strength.

Introducción: Introducción: la malnutrición y la sarcopenia son frecuentes en la población con cirrosis hepática y generan un impacto negativo en el estado funcional y la esperanza de vida de estos pacientes. Existen múltiples herramientas para la valoración de la malnutrición y la sarcopenia en los pacientes con cirrosis hepática. Objetivo: valorar la malnutrición y la sarcopenia en la cirrosis hepática y comparar distintas herramientas diagnósticas aplicables en esta población. Método: se realizó un estudio analítico de corte transversal con muestreo a conveniencia mediante inclusión continua de pacientes con cirrosis hepática en un hospital de tercer nivel durante diciembre de 2018 a mayo de 2019. Se realizó la valoración nutricional con la antropometría del brazo, el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y el algoritmo del Royal Free Hospital Subjetive Global Assessment (RFH-SGA). Para la valoración de la sarcopenia se aplicó la fuerza de agarre de la mano con un dinamómetro. Los resultados se reportaron en medidas de tendencia central expresadas en frecuencia y porcentaje. Resultados: se incluyeron un total de 103 pacientes, predominando el género masculino (79,6 %), con una edad media de 51 años. La etiología más frecuente de la cirrosis hepática fue el consumo de alcohol (68 %), predominando la clase Child-Pugh C (57,3 %) con una media de MELD de 21,9 (± 8,9). Se reportó una media de IMC con peso seco de 25,2 kg/m2 y, respecto a la clasificación de la OMS, un 7,8 % se encontraban en bajo peso y un 59,2 % en malnutrición según la RFH-SGA. Un 88,3 % presentó sarcopenia al utilizar la fuerza de agarre de la mano, cuyo valor medio fue de 18,99 kg. Se realizó una correlación con Tau b de Kendall entre IMC y RFH-SGA sin evidenciarse ninguna asociación significativa, al igual que entre los percentiles de la circunferencia muscular media de brazo (MAMC) y la fuerza de agarre de la mano. Conclusiones: la valoración integral de la cirrosis hepática debe incluir el escrutinio de la malnutrición y la sarcopenia, existiendo herramientas de fácil acceso y aplicación segura validadas en esta población, como la valoración antropométrica, el RFH-SGA y la fuerza de agarre de la mano.

The Liver and COVID-19 in Mexico.

Content available: Author Interview and Audio Recording.

Incidence of 'new-onset' constipation and associated factors during lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: A minimum of physical activity and low liquid intake are factors that have been associated with constipation. The health emergency brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in adopting behaviour, such as sheltering-in-place (less mobility) and dietary changes, creating a scenario we believe to be an adequate model for examining the appearance of symptoms of constipation and its associated factors. DESIGN: A cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted on an open population, applying an electronic survey (4 weeks after lockdown due to COVID-19 in Mexico) to evaluate demographic characteristics, physical activity, water and fibre intake, appearance of constipation symptoms (including stool consistency), and quality of life. RESULTS: Out of 678 subjects evaluated, 170 (25%, 95% CI: 21.7 to 28.4) developed symptoms of 'new-onset' constipation, with a significant decrease in the number of daily bowel movements (p<0.05) and stool consistency (p<0.05) during lockdown. Furthermore, in the 'new-onset' constipation population there was a higher proportion of subjects (79 (47%) of 170) who stopped exercising during the pandemic compared with the subjects who did not develop constipation symptoms (187 (37%) of 508, p=0.03, OR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.0 to 2.1). The multivariate analysis (logistic regression) showed that female sex (p=0.001), water intake (p=0.039), and physical activity (p=0.012) were associated with 'new-onset' constipation. CONCLUSIONS: In our study on an open population in Mexico, we found that one-fourth of the population developed 'new-onset' constipation symptoms during the lockdown imposed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A reduction of physical activity and less water consumption were associated factors.