PRECISE-DAPT, ARC-HBR, or Simplified Clinical Evaluation for the Prediction of Major Bleeding After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in older Patients.

Older patients have been remarkably underrepresented in bleeding risk cohorts. Thus, the PRECISE-DAPT (Derivation and validation of the predicting bleeding complications in patients undergoing stent implantation and subsequent dual antiplatelet therapy) and Academic Research Consortium for High Bleeding Risk (ARC-HBR) scores are not validated in older adults. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the PRECISE-DAPT and ARC-HBR scores in an exclusively older population and assess the prognostic value of a truly simplified clinical evaluation (SCE), consisting of only 3 binary clinical variables (hemoglobin <11 g/100 ml, previous bleeding, and anticipated use of anticoagulants). This is a retrospective analysis of the prospective single-center older-HCD registry. Consecutive patients aged ≥75 years who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention from 2012 to 2019 were included. The primary end point was postdischarge bleeding at 12 months of follow-up, defined according to the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium 3 or 5 criteria. A total of 693 patients with a mean age of 81 (±4.4) years were included in the study and 60 patients (6.8%) met the primary end point. The PRECISE-DAPT and ARC-HBR scores did not significantly predict postdischarge bleeding in the Cox regression models (hazard ratio 1.65 [0.78 to 3.42] and 1.46 [0.72 to 4.24], respectively), whereas the SCE outperformed both scores (hazard ratio 2.47, 1.34 to 4.49). All 3 scores exhibited a moderate discriminatory potential, as determined by a receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis (areas under the curve 0.601, 0.621, and 0.616, respectively), with no significant differences between them. The SCE showed an Integrated Discrimination Improvement of 0.25, p = 0.02 (SCE vs ARC-HBR) and 0.24, p = 0.01 (SCE vs PRECISE-DAPT), with an Net Reclassification Improvement of 6.54%, p = 0.37 and 7.12%, p = 0.43, respectively. In conclusion, the PRECISE-DAPT score and ARC-HBR criteria showed insufficient predictive value in older adults. A truly SCE consisting of 3 easily accessible variables not only provides equal discriminatory potential but also demonstrates superior predictive value, as determined by Cox regression models. This makes it a highly appealing tool for risk stratification, pending its evaluation in larger prospective studies.

A meta-narrative review of coding tools for healthcare interactions and their applicability to written communication.

Background: Although healthcare professionals (HCP) undergo communicative skills training, these are sometimes unsatisfactory for patients (empathy, discussion managing). Existing coding tools overlook the interaction and patients' responses. Meanwhile, remote consultations are redefining communication channels. While some researchers adapt those tools to telehealth, few investigate written interactions. Objective: To identify and evaluate coding tools for healthcare interactions and examine their suitability for written interactions. Methods: We conducted a meta-narrative review in PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Scopus databases up to December 2022 with Communicati* AND Human* AND Linguistic* AND Professional-Patient Relation* as search terms. We extracted data regarding methodology, unit of analysis (UoA), coding categories, reliability, strengths, weaknesses, and inter-rater reliability (IRR). Results: We identified 11 mixed-methods tools. Qualitatively, coding dimension was focused (n = 6) or comprehensive (n = 5). Main quantitative methods were descriptive statistics (n = 4) and cross-tabulations (n = 4). Main UoA was utterance (n = 7). Relevant categories were processes (n = 4), content (n = 3), emotional expressions and responses (n = 3), and grammatical format (n = 2). IRR ranged from 0.68 to 0.85 for coding categories. Conclusion: Despite similarities, category terminologies were inconsistent, one-sided, and mostly covered conversation topics and behaviours. A tool with emotional and grammar categories could bridge the gap between a speaker's intended meaning and the receiver's interpretation to enhance patient-HCP communication. Furthermore, we need empirical research to determine whether these tools are suitable for written interactions. Innovation: This review presents a comprehensive and state-of-the-art overview of healthcare interactions' coding tools and identifies their barriers. Our findings will support communication researchers in selecting appropriate coding tools for evaluating health interactions and enhancing HCP training.

Intracranial atherosclerotic plaque enhancement and long-term risk of future strokes: A prospective, longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The prognostic significance of postcontrast enhancement of intracranial atheromatous plaque is uncertain. Prospective, long-term follow-up studies in Caucasians, using a multicenter design, are lacking. We aimed to evaluate whether this radiological sign predicts long-term new stroke in symptomatic and asymptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) patients. METHODS: This was a prospective, observational, longitudinal, multicenter study. We included a symptomatic and an asymptomatic cohort of ICAD patients that underwent 3T MRI including high-resolution sequences focused on the atheromatous plaque. We evaluated grade of stenosis, plaque characteristics, and gadolinium enhancement ratio (postcontrast plaque signal/postcontrast corpus callosum signal). The occurrence of new events was evaluated at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months and annually thereafter. The association between plaque characteristics and new stroke was studied using Cox multiple regression survival analysis and Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS: Forty-eight symptomatic and 13 asymptomatic patients were included. During 56.3 ± 16.9 months, 11 patients (18%) suffered a new event (seven ischemic, two hemorrhagic, and two transient ischemic attacks). A receiver operating characteristic curve identified an enhancement ratio of >1.77 to predict a new event. In a multivariable Cox regression, postcontrast enhancement ratio >1.77 (hazard ratio [HR]= 3.632; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.082-12.101) and cerebral microbleeds (HR = 5.244; 95% CI, 1.476-18.629) were independent predictors of future strokes. Patients with a plaque enhancement ratio >1.77 had a lower survival free of events (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: High intracranial postcontrast enhancement is a long-term predictor of new stroke in ICAD patients. Further studies are needed to elucidate whether postcontrast enhancement reflects inflammatory activity of intracranial atheromatous plaque.

Analysis of Patient Cues in Asynchronous Health Interactions: Pilot Study Combining Empathy Appraisal and Systemic Functional Linguistics.

BACKGROUND: Lifestyle-related diseases are among the leading causes of death and disability. Their rapid increase worldwide has called for low-cost, scalable solutions to promote health behavior changes. Digital health coaching has proved to be effective in delivering affordable, scalable programs to support lifestyle change. This approach increasingly relies on asynchronous text-based interventions to motivate and support behavior change. Although we know that empathy is a core element for a successful coach-user relationship and positive patient outcomes, we lack research on how this is realized in text-based interactions. Systemic functional linguistics (SFL) is a linguistic theory that may support the identification of empathy opportunities (EOs) in text-based interactions, as well as the reasoning behind patients' linguistic choices in their formulation. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine whether empathy and SFL approaches correspond and complement each other satisfactorily to study text-based communication in a health coaching context. We sought to explore whether combining empathic assessment with SFL categories can provide a means to understand client-coach interactions in asynchronous text-based coaching interactions. METHODS: We retrieved 148 text messages sent by 29 women who participated in a randomized trial of telecoaching for the prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and postnatal weight loss. We conducted a pilot study to identify users' explicit and implicit EOs and further investigated these statements using the SFL approach, focusing on the analysis of transitivity and thematic analysis. RESULTS: We identified 164 EOs present in 42.37% (3478/8209) of the word count in the corpus. These were mainly negative (n=90, 54.88%) and implicit (n=55, 60.00%). We distinguished opening, content and closing messages structures. Most of the wording was found in the content (n=7077, 86.21%) with a declarative structure (n=7084, 86.30%). Processes represented 22.4% (n=1839) of the corpus, with half being material (n=876, 10.67%) and mostly related to food and diet (n=196, 54.92%), physical activity (n=96, 26.89%), and lifestyle goals (n=40, 11.20%). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that empathy and SFL approaches are compatible. The results from our transitivity analysis reveal novel insights into the meanings of the users' EOs, such as their seek for help or praise, often missed by health care professionals (HCPs), and on the coach-user relationship. The absence of explicit EOs and direct questions could be attributed to low trust on or information about the coach's abilities. In the future, we will conduct further research to explore additional linguistic features and code coach messages. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) ACTRN12620001240932; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=380020.

[COVID-19 in the city of Madrid and vulnerability. Analysis of the first two waves.] / COVID-19 en la ciudad de Madrid y vulnerabilidad. Análisis de las dos primeras olas.

OBJECTIVE: The advance of the pandemic in the large cities of the world with great virulence and the apparent heterogeneous distribution by factors of vulnerability, led us to propose this work. The objective of this study was to relate COVID-19 infection rates to the social vulnerability of the city of Madrid by district, in two different episodes, spring 2020 and summer 2020. METHODS: Analytical cross-sectional study. Taking sociodemographic data of the entire population of the city of Madrid between the months of April and October 2020, together with the cumulative incidence rates of COVID-19, a linear regression analysis, correlation and factor analysis was carried out, relating the cumulative incidence rate of COVID-19 and the vulnerability indicator of the districts of the city of Madrid. RESULTS: The results showed important differences between the two episodes of the pandemic: on one hand, the first had more relationship with health factors, while in the second, a relationship appeared with the groups of greater social vulnerability, territorially located in the South-East of the City and related in this case to social factors rather than health. Thus we see that the TIA x 100,000 in the first episode in Chamberí and Usera -two extreme districts in vulnerability- were 896 and 843 cases respectively, while in the second they were 3,708 and 6,258 cases. CONCLUSIONS: The territorial differences in the city become evident with the arrival of a generalised, universal event such as COVID-19, where vulnerability increases for everyone, with greater repercussions in those territories where it already had an impact.

OBJETIVO: El avance de la pandemia en las grandes ciudades del mundo con gran virulencia y la aparente distribución heterogénea por factores de vulnerabilidad, nos llevaron a plantear este trabajo. El objetivo de este estudio fue relacionar las tasas de infección por COVID-19 con la vulnerabilidad social de la ciudad de Madrid por distritos, en dos episodios distintos, primavera del 2020 y verano del 2020. METODOS: Estudio transversal analítico.Tomando los datos sociodemográficos de la totalidad de la población de la ciudad de Madrid entre los meses de abril y octubre de 2020, junto a las tasas de incidencia acumulada de la COVID-19, se realizó un análisis de regresión lineal, correlación y análisis factorial, relacionando la tasa de incidencia acumulada de la COVID-19 y el indicador de vulnerabilidad de los distritos de la ciudad de Madrid. RESULTADOS: Los resultados mostraron diferencias importantes entre los dos episodios de la pandemia: por una parte, el primero tuvo más relación con factores de salud, mientras en el segundo apareció una relación con los colectivos de mayor vulnerabilidad social, territorialmente localizados en la zona Sur-Este de la Ciudad y relacionándose en este caso con factores sociales más que de salud. Así vemos que las TIA x 100.000 en el primer episodio en Chamberí y Usera -dos distritos extremos en vulnerabilidad- fueron de 896 y 843 casos respectivamente, mientras que en el segundo fueron de 3.708 y 6.258 casos. CONCLUSIONES: Las diferencias territoriales de la ciudad de Madrid se hacen patentes ante la llegada de un suceso generalizado y universal como la COVID-19, dónde la vulnerabilidad se acrecienta para todo el mundo, repercutiendo en mayor medida en aquellos territorios donde ya incidía.

Neurological symptoms in Covid-19 patients in the emergency department.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) might present neurological symptoms. We aimed to evaluate the frequency of them at the moment of emergency department (ED) visit and their impact in the prognosis. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study including all consecutive hospitalized cases between March 8th and April 11th, 2020. Covid-19 diagnosis was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction test and/or serology. We compared, in patients with and without neurological symptoms on admission, demographic, clinical presentation, and frequency and type of abnormal laboratory values. We analyzed the variables that were associated with in-hospital all-cause mortality by Cox-regression log-rank test. RESULTS: We included 576 hospitalized patients, 250 (43.3%) female, aged 67.2 years. At the moment of ED visit, 320 (55.6%) described neurological symptoms, including anosmia (146, 25.3%), myalgia (139, 24.1%), headache (137, 23.8%), and altered mental status (98, 17.0%). Neurological symptoms started the first symptomatic day in 198 (54.2%) cases. Patients with neurological symptoms presented later to the ED (7.9 versus. 6.6 days, p = .019). Only four (0.6%) cases had no typical Covid-19 general symptoms, and only six (1.9%) had a normal laboratory results, for a sensitivity of 98.7% (95% confidence interval (CI): 96.6%-99.6%) and 98.1% (95% CI: 95.7%-99.2%), respectively. In the multivariate Cox-regression of mortality predictors, anosmia (HR: 0.358, 95%CI: 0.140-0.916) and altered mental status (HR: 1.867, 95%CI: 1.162-3.001) were significant. CONCLUSION: Neurological symptoms were the most frequent extrapulmonary symptoms. They were present in half of the Covid-19 patients at the time of the ED visit. Anosmia on admission was an independent predictor of lower in-hospital mortality and altered mental status on admission predicted in-hospital mortality.

Anosmia is associated with lower in-hospital mortality in COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Anosmia is common in Coronavirus disease 2019, but its impact on prognosis is unknown. We analysed whether anosmia predicts in-hospital mortality; and if patients with anosmia have a different clinical presentation, inflammatory response, or disease severity. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study including all consecutive hospitalized patients with confirmed Covid-19 from March 8th to April 11th, 2020. We determined all-cause mortality and need of intensive care unit (ICU) admission. We registered the first and worst laboratory parameters. Statistical analysis was done by multivariate logistic and linear regression. RESULTS: We included 576 patients, 43.3% female, and aged 67.2 years in mean. Anosmia was present in 146 (25.3%) patients. Patients with anosmia were more frequently females, younger and less disabled and had less frequently hypertension, diabetes, smoking habit, cardiac and neurological comorbidities. Anosmia was independently associated with lower mortality (OR: 0.180, 95% CI: 0.069-0.472) and ICU admission (OR: 0.438, 95% CI: 0.229-0.838, p = 0.013). In the multivariate analysis, patients with anosmia had a higher frequency of cough (OR: 1.96, 95%CI: 1.18-3.28), headache (OR: 2.58, 95% CI: 1.66-4.03), and myalgia (OR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.12-2.71). They had higher adjusted values of hemoglobin (+0.87, 95% CI: 0.40-1.34), lymphocytes (+849.24, 95% CI: 157.45-1541.04), glomerular filtration rate (+6.42, 95% CI: 2.14-10.71), and lower D-dimer (-4886.52, 95% CI: -8655.29-(-1117.75)), and C-reactive protein (-24.92, 95% CI: -47.35-(-2.48)). CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalized Covid-19 patients with anosmia had a lower adjusted mortality rate and less severe course of the disease. This could be related to a distinct clinical presentation and a different inflammatory response.

Neurological Comorbidity Is a Predictor of Death in Covid-19 Disease: A Cohort Study on 576 Patients.

Introduction: Prognosis of Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) patients with vascular risk factors, and certain comorbidities is worse. The impact of chronic neurological disorders (CND) on prognosis is unclear. We evaluated if the presence of CND in Covid-19 patients is a predictor of a higher in-hospital mortality. As secondary endpoints, we analyzed the association between CND, Covid-19 severity, and laboratory abnormalities during admission. Methods: Retrospective cohort study that included all the consecutive hospitalized patients with confirmed Covid-19 disease from March 8th to April 11th, 2020. The study setting was Hospital Clínico, tertiary academic hospital from Valladolid. CND was defined as those neurological conditions causing permanent disability. We assessed demography, clinical variables, Covid-19 severity, laboratory parameters and outcome. The primary endpoint was in-hospital all-cause mortality, evaluated by multivariate cox-regression log rank test. We analyzed the association between CND, covid-19 severity and laboratory abnormalities. Results: We included 576 patients, 43.3% female, aged 67.2 years in mean. CND were present in 105 (18.3%) patients. Patients with CND were older, more disabled, had more vascular risk factors and comorbidities and fewer clinical symptoms of Covid-19. They presented 1.43 days earlier to the emergency department. Need of ventilation support was similar. Presence of CND was an independent predictor of death (HR 2.129, 95% CI: 1.382-3.280) but not a severer Covid-19 disease (OR: 1.75, 95% CI: 0.970-3.158). Frequency of laboratory abnormalities was similar, except for procalcitonin and INR. Conclusions: The presence of CND is an independent predictor of mortality in hospitalized Covid-19 patients. That was not explained neither by a worse immune response to Covid-19 nor by differences in the level of care received by patients with CND.

Factors associated with the presence of headache in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and impact on prognosis: a retrospective cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Headache is one of the most frequent neurologic manifestations in COVID-19. We aimed to analyze which symptoms and laboratory abnormalities were associated with the presence of headache and to evaluate if patients with headache had a higher adjusted in-hospital risk of mortality. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study. We included all consecutive patients admitted to the Hospital with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between March 8th and April 11th, 2020. We collected demographic data, clinical variables and laboratory abnormalities. We used multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS: During the study period, 576 patients were included, aged 67.2 (SD: 14.7), and 250/576 (43.3%) being female. Presence of headache was described by 137 (23.7%) patients. The all-cause in-hospital mortality rate was 127/576 (20.0%). In the multivariate analysis, patients with headache had a lower risk of mortality (OR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.17-0.88, p = 0.007). After adjusting for multiple comparisons in a multivariate analysis, variables that were independently associated with a higher odds of having headache in COVID-19 patients were anosmia, myalgia, female sex and fever; variables that were associated with a lower odds of having headache were younger age, lower score on modified Rankin scale, and, regarding laboratory variables on admission, increased C-reactive protein, abnormal platelet values, lymphopenia and increased D-dimer. CONCLUSION: Headache is a frequent symptom in COVID-19 patients and its presence is an independent predictor of lower risk of mortality in COVID-19 hospitalized patients.

[Health, incidence and differences in the territorial vulnerability city of Madrid]. / Salud e incidencia y diferencias en vulnerabilidad territorial de la ciudad de Madrid.

OBJECTIVE: Territoriality is configured as an important axis of inequality. The objective of this study was to determine the level of association between territory and vulnerability, specifying proposals for territorial intervention using key socio-health indicators. METHODS: Analytical cross-sectional study, which combined the analysis of the Health Survey Madrid City 2017 (n=9,513) and the vulnerability-ranking indicator of the same year (n=2,780,197), popu-lation of the city of Madrid in 2017, from the Data Bank of the Madrid City Council), prepared with the hierarchical analysis technique. Sociodemographic and health variables were included, such as self-perception of health status, quality of life in relation to health, tobacco consumption, alcohol, obesity, sedentary lifestyle and mental health (GHQ-12). The relationships were assessed with DE, 95% CI, Spearman correlation, B and ß coefficients of multiple linear regression and the pair-point technique. RESULTS: The links between health and vulnerability were: in health-self-perceived and HRQL, as global health variables, p<0.01 for women with territory and vulnerability; sedentary lifestyle for both sexes, was interpreted with 60-80% by territory and vulnerability; obesity was slightly linked to the te-ritory in women and explained 77%; mental health was not territorially related for the group, but it was significantly related to women, due to 64% of the variance; in tobacco there was a significant territorial link in men and vulnerability in 57%; finally, alcohol had a significant difference in men at the territorial level and explained in 72% in both sexes, inverted. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the behavior of global and specific health indicators with vulnerability, with a disaggregation by sex, which will allow planning adapted to the territory.

OBJETIVO: La territorialidad se configura como un eje importante de desigualdad. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el nivel de asociación entre territorio y vulnerabilidad, concretando propuestas de intervención territorial mediante indicadores clave socio-sanitarios. METODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico, que combinó el análisis de la Encuesta de Salud de la Ciudad de Madrid de 2017 (n=9.513) y el indicador de vulnerabilidad-ranking del mismo año (n=2.780.197, población de la ciudad de Madrid en 2017, procedente del Banco de Datos del Ayuntamiento de Madrid), elaborado con la técnica de análisis jerárquico. Se incluyeron variables sociodemográficas y de salud, como autopercepción del estado de salud, calidad de vida en relación con la salud, consumo de tabaco, alcohol, obesidad, sedentarismo y salud mental (GHQ-12). Las relaciones se valoraron con DE, IC 95%, correlación de Spearman, coeficientes B y ß de regresión lineal múltiple y la técnica de pares de puntos. RESULTADOS: Los vínculos entre salud y vulnerabilidad fueron: en salud-autopercibida y CVRS, como variables globales de salud, p<0,01 para las mujeres con territorio y vulnerabilidad; en sedentarismo para ambos sexos, se interpretó con el 60-80% por el territorio y vulnerabilidad; la obesidad se vinculó levemente con el territorio en las mujeres y explicó el 77%; la salud mental no se relacionó territorialmente para el conjunto, pero sí de forma significativa en las mujeres, por el 64% de la varianza; en tabaco hubo vínculo significativo territorial en hombres y vulnerabilidad en el 57%; finalmente, el alcohol tuvo una diferencia significativa en hombres a nivel territorial y explicó en el 72% en ambos sexos, de forma invertida. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados avalan el comportamiento de los indicadores globales y específicos de salud con la vulnerabilidad, con una desagregación por sexos, lo cual permitirá una planificación adaptada al territorio.

Pre-empting the challenges faced in adolescence: A systematic literature review of effects of psychosocial interventions for preteens with type 1 diabetes.

INTRODUCTION: Numerous psychosocial interventions have been conducted in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes, aiming to improve their self-management and autonomy acquisition. However, these tend to address family conflict and parental perspectives, and a scarce number of interventions explore the outcomes among preteens. This review examined the outcomes of psychosocial interventions for preteens with type 1 diabetes, as an under-researched field to date. METHODS: A systematic literature review of intervention studies with randomized controlled trial design, targeting preteens with type 1 diabetes, was conducted. Six databases were searched for publication periods from 1995 to October 2019. Quality of the interventions according to the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD), as well as reporting and effect sizes, were assessed. RESULTS: Twelve studies were selected, covering ten interventions. According to the topics identified, four of these interventions were categorized as self-care programmes, three as psychosocial programmes and three as mixed. All of the interventions, except for one, covered ≥50% of the ISPAD recommendations. Reporting adequacy was negative only in one intervention. Main outcomes were glycemic control and self-management, but effect sizes could only be calculated for half of the interventions with no overall significant effect. CONCLUSIONS: This review shows a lack of adequate psychosocial interventions targeting preteens with type 1 diabetes and actively involving them as participants. These intervention's educational programmes and methods should be standardized to guarantee successful results. New technologies and peer support implementation could be a promising pathway when designing these studies.

The role of theories in interventions targeting preteens with Type 1 diabetes: A critical literature review.

BACKGROUND: Theory-based interventions have been recommended to target relevant issues and improve outcomes in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. Furthermore, the timing of interventions has been recognized as key to improving outcomes, suggesting a need to focus on preteens (9-12 years old) with Type 1 diabetes. The aim of the present study was to identify the theories that inform interventions targeting preteens with Type 1 diabetes and to analyse the studies for their understandings of theory. METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature review of intervention studies targeting preteens with Type 1 diabetes to identify the theoretical frameworks applied. Seven databases across different scientific disciplines were searched for papers published between 1995 and 2018. RESULTS: Twenty-four studies were included in the review. Of these, 14 were categorized as theory-inspired and 10 as theory-related studies. Social cognitive theory appeared most frequently. Most studies did not provide a rationale for their choice and application of theory to inform interventions. The studies were characterized by use of adult-centric theories and a focus on the relationships between children and their parents. CONCLUSIONS: The present review shows variations and limitations in the description and application of theories across interventions targeting preteens with Type 1 diabetes. This emphasizes the need for future studies to address for what reason and how a certain theory or method is applied. We suggest that interventions might benefit from using theories that are centred on the needs and experiences of children, target family dynamics that include all important family members, and address the mutually constitutive relationship between interventions and the social context in which they are implemented.

Salud e incidencia y diferencias en vulnerabilidad territorial de la ciudad de Madrid / Health, incidence and differences in the territorial vulnerability city of Madrid

OBJETIVO: La territorialidad se configura como un eje importante de desigualdad. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el nivel de asociación entre territorio y vulnerabilidad, concretando propuestas de intervención territorial mediante indicadores clave socio-sanitarios. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico, que combinó el análisis de la Encuesta de Salud de la Ciudad de Madrid de 2017 (n=9.513) y el indicador de vulnerabilidad-ranking del mismo año (n=2.780.197, población de la ciudad de Madrid en 2017, procedente del Banco de Datos del Ayuntamiento de Madrid), elaborado con la técnica de análisis jerárquico. Se incluyeron variables sociodemográficas y de salud, como autopercepción del estado de salud, calidad de vida en relación con la salud, consumo de tabaco, alcohol, obesidad, sedentarismo y salud mental (GHQ-12). Las relaciones se valoraron con DE, IC 95%, correlación de Spearman, coeficientes B y beta de regresión lineal múltiple y la técnica de pares de puntos. RESULTADOS: Los vínculos entre salud y vulnerabilidad fueron: en salud-autopercibida y CVRS, como variables globales de salud, p < 0,01 para las mujeres con territorio y vulnerabilidad; en sedentarismo para ambos sexos, se interpretó con el 60-80% por el territorio y vulnerabilidad; la obesidad se vinculó levemente con el territorio en las mujeres y explicó el 77%; la salud mental no se relacionó territorialmente para el conjunto, pero sí de forma significativa en las mujeres, por el 64% de la varianza; en tabaco hubo vínculo significativo territorial en hombres y vulnerabilidad en el 57%; finalmente, el alcohol tuvo una diferencia significativa en hombres a nivel territorial y explicó en el 72% en ambos sexos, de forma invertida. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados avalan el comportamiento de los indicadores globales y específicos de salud con la vulnerabilidad, con una desagregación por sexos, lo cual permitirá una planificación adaptada al territorio

OBJECTIVE: Territoriality is configured as an important axis of inequality. The objective of this study was to determine the level of association between territory and vulnerability, specifying proposals for territorial intervention using key socio-health indicators. METHODS: Analytical cross-sectional study, which combined the analysis of the Health Survey Madrid City 2017 (n=9,513) and the vulnerability-ranking indicator of the same year (n=2,780,197), popu-lation of the city of Madrid in 2017, from the Data Bank of the Madrid City Council), prepared with the hierarchical analysis technique. Sociodemographic and health variables were included, such as self-perception of health status, quality of life in relation to health, tobacco consumption, alcohol, obesity, sedentary lifestyle and mental health (GHQ-12). The relationships were assessed with DE, 95% CI, Spearman correlation, B and beta coefficients of multiple linear regression and the pair-point technique. RESULTS: The links between health and vulnerability were: in health-self-perceived and HRQL, as global health variables, p < 0.01 for women with territory and vulnerability; sedentary lifestyle for both sexes, was interpreted with 60-80% by territory and vulnerability; obesity was slightly linked to the te-ritory in women and explained 77%; mental health was not territorially related for the group, but it was significantly related to women, due to 64% of the variance; in tobacco there was a significant territorial link in men and vulnerability in 57%; finally, alcohol had a significant difference in men at the territorial level and explained in 72% in both sexes, inverted. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the behavior of global and specific health indicators with vulnerability, with a disaggregation by sex, which will allow planning adapted to the territory

Encefalopatía inducida por metronidazol: descripción de un caso con hallazgos radiológicos y anatomopatológicos / Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy: description of a case with radiological and anatomopathological Findings

Introducción. El metronidazol es un antibiótico ampliamente conocido y utilizado. En casos excepcionales puede producir como efecto adverso un cuadro de encefalopatía con unas lesiones características en la resonancia magnética, localizadas generalmente en el cerebelo y el esplenio del cuerpo calloso. La incidencia y la patogenia se desconocen. La suspensión del tratamiento habitualmente resuelve los síntomas y normaliza la resonancia magnética en pocas semanas. Debido al habitual buen pronóstico, los hallazgos anatomopatológicos son excepcionales. Se presenta un caso clínico con los hallazgos radiológicos sugestivos de la encefalopatía inducida por metronidazol y, de forma excepcional, se aportan los hallazgos anatomopatológicos. Caso clínico. Mujer de 72 años, con enfermedad de Crohn grave, que meses más tarde de iniciar tratamiento con metronidazol presentó de forma lentamente progresiva bradipsiquia y dificultad para caminar hasta llegar al coma. En la resonancia magnética mostraba características imágenes hiperintensas en T2 en el cuerpo calloso, y los núcleos rojos y dentados. Mejoró al suspender el metronidazol, pero posteriormente desarrolló una sepsis y falleció. En la autopsia se observó reblandecimiento del núcleo rojo y, microscópicamente, necrosis celular y desmielinización. Conclusión. Con la publicación de la información clínica, radiológica y anatomopatológica de este caso se pretende fomentar el conocimiento de esta infrecuente causa tratable de encefalopatía subaguda y aportar datos que ayuden a aclarar su patogenia

Introduction. Metronidazole is a widely known and used antibiotic. In exceptional cases, an encephalopathy with characteristic lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), usually located in the cerebellum and splenium of the corpus callosum, may be an adverse effect. The incidence and pathogenesis are unknown. The suspension of the treatment usually resolves the symptoms and normalizes the MRI in a few weeks. Due to the usual good prognosis, the anatomopathological findings are exceptional. We present a clinical case with the radiological findings suggestive of metronidazole-induced encephalopathy and, exceptionally, we provide the anatomopathological findings. Case report. A 72 years-old woman with severe Crohn’s disease who, months after starting treatment with metronidazole, presented a slowly progressing bradypsychia and difficulty walking until she came to coma. In MRI it showed hyperintense images in T2 in the corpus callosum, red and dentate nuclei. He improved by stopping metronidazole but later developed sepsis and died. At autopsy, softening of the red nucleus was observed and, microscopically, cell necrosis and demyelination. Conclusion. With the publication of the clinical, radiological and anatomopathological information of our case we intend to promote the knowledge of this infrequent treatable cause of subacute encephalopathy and provide data that help to clarify its pathogenesis

Congestión nasal como síntoma autonómico acompañante de crisis migrañosas / Nasal congestion as an autonomic symptom accompanying migraine attacks

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Evaluation of mycobacteria-specific gamma interferon and antibody responses before and after a single intradermal skin test in cattle naturally exposed to M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and experimentally infected with M. bovis.

This study reports on the diagnostic potential of IFN-γ release assays and serology for Mycobacterium bovis in six naturally M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) exposed bulls of which four were intratracheally infected with a Belgian field strain of M. bovis. Heparinized blood, serum and fecal samples were collected at regular time intervals for mycobacteria-specific IFN-γ release assays, antibody analysis and for Map culture respectively. Single intradermal skin test (SIT) with bovine tuberculin (PPD-B) was performed on day 115 and animals were sacrificed on day 133 after M. bovis infection. Organs were collected and stored for histopathological examination, modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining and bacteriological analysis of M. bovis and Map by culture and RT-PCR. Prior to infection five animals showed positive IFN-γ responses to avian PPD (PPD-A) and four were positive in Map PCR (IS900) on faeces. Three M. bovis infected animals reacted as early as day 14 with sustained higher PPD-B than PPD-A specific IFN-γ responses, whereas the fourth animal (with the strongest PPD-A response prior to infection) showed sustained higher PPD-B specific IFN-γ levels only a day 56 after infection. Two of the infected animals had a sustained positive IFN-γ response to the ESAT-6/CFP-10/TB7.7 (QuantiFERON®-TB Gold) peptide cocktail as early as day 14, among which the animal with the initial high PPD-A response. Later during infection, positive responses were found to ESAT-6 peptides in three infected bulls and to CFP-10 peptides in all four infected bulls. One of the control animals reacted intermittently to the ESAT-6/CFP10/TB7.7 cocktail. Prior to SIT, weak but positive MPB83/MBP70 specific antibody responses were detected in two of the infected bulls. All four M. bovis infected bulls reacted with a positive skin test and showed, as reported by others, increased mycobacteria specific IFN-γ production and increased positive responses in MPB83/MBP70 specific serology after SIT. At autopsy, M. bovis lesions were detected in all four experimentally infected bulls. Our results indicate that in Map exposed cattle, M. bovis diagnosis using IFN-γ assays needs a combination of PPD-B/A and ESAT-6/CFP10 for early and optimal sensitivity and that sensitivity of MPB83/MBP70 serodiagnosis is dramatically increased by prior skin testing. Map exposure did not interfere with the development of SIT in M. bovis infected animals, but resulted in a false positive M. bovis specific IFN-γ and antibody response after SIT in one of the two control animals (which remained negative in skin-test).

Results from the CLUES study: a cluster randomized trial for the evaluation of cardiovascular guideline implementation in primary care in Spain.

BACKGROUND: The implementation of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (CPG) can improve patients care. To date, the impact of implementation strategies has not been evaluated in our context. This study is aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a multifaceted tailored intervention targeting clinician education for the implementation of three cardiovascular risk-related CPGs (type 2 diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia) in primary care at the Basque Health Service compared with usual implementation. METHODS: We conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial in two urban districts with 43 primary care units (PCU). Data from all patients diagnosed with diabetes, hypertension and all those eligible for coronary risk (CR) assessment were included. In the control group, guidelines were introduced in the usual way (by email, intranet and clinical meetings). In the intervention group, the implementation also included a specific website and workshops. Primary endpoints were annual HbA1c testing (diabetes), annual general laboratory testing (hypertension) and annual CR assessment (dyslipidemia). Secondary endpoints were process, prescription and clinical endpoints related with guideline recommendations. Analysis was performed at a PCU level weighted by cluster size. RESULTS: Significant differences between groups were observed in primary outcomes in the dyslipidemia CPG: increased CR assessment for both women and men (weighted mean difference, WMD, 13.58 and 12.91%). No significant differences were observed in diabetes and hypertension CPGs primary outcomes. Regarding secondary endpoints, annual CR assessment was significantly higher in both diabetic and hypertensive patients in the intervention group (WMD 28.16 and 27.55%). Rates of CR assessment before starting new statin treatments also increased (WMD 23.09%), resulting in a lower rate of statin prescribing in low risk women. Diuretic prescribing was higher in the intervention group (WMD 20.59%). Clinical outcomes (HbA1c and blood pressure control) did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: The multifaceted implementation proved to be effective to increase the CR assessment and to improve prescription, but ineffective to improve diabetes and hypertension related outcomes. In order to obtain real improvements when cardiovascular issues are tackled, perhaps other or additional interventions need to be implemented besides education of professionals. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials, ISRCTN 88876909 (retrospectively registered on January 13, 2009).

Professionals' perception on the management of patients with dual disorders.

BACKGROUND: There is a need to evaluate the professionals' perception about the consequences of the lack of therapeutic adherence in the evolution of patients with co-occurring disorders. METHODS: An online survey, released on the Socidrogalcohol [Spanish Scientific Society for Research on Alcohol, Alcoholism and other Drug Addictions] and Sociedad Española de Patología Dual [the Spanish Society of Dual Pathology] web pages, was answered by 250 professionals who work in different types of Spanish health centers where dual diagnosis patients are assisted. RESULTS: Most professionals perceived the existence of noncompliance among dual diagnosis patients. Almost all of these professionals (99%) perceived that noncompliance leads to a worsening of the progression of the patient's disorder, in both the exacerbation of mental disorders and the consumption of addictive substances. Most of the professionals (69.2%) considered therapeutic alliance as the main aspect to take into account to improve the prognosis in this population. The primary purpose of treatment must be the improvement of psychotic-phase positive symptoms, followed by the control of behavior disorders, reduction of craving, improvement of social and personal performances, and reduction of psychotic-phase negative symptoms. CONCLUSION: Most professionals perceived low adherence among dual diagnosis patients. This lack of adherence is associated with a worsening of their disease evolution, which is reflected in exacerbations of the psychopathology and relapse in substance use. Therefore, we propose to identify strategies to improve adherence.