Real-Life Use of Component-Specific IgE in IgE-Mediated Cow's Milk Protein Allergy in a Spanish Paediatric Allergy Centre.

BACKGROUND: In Spain, IgE-mediated cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) affects approximately 0.69% of infants. Molecular diagnosis may be useful for monitoring natural spontaneous tolerance development in CMPA. The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyse a cohort of paediatric patients with IgE-mediated CMPA who were avoiding milk products awaiting natural tolerance and determine the relationship between disease persistence and major cow's milk allergens. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of 200 patients diagnosed with IgE-mediated CMPA between 2011 and 2020 was conducted. Patients strictly avoided milk products until an oral food challenge was performed. The main outcome was the introduction of liquid milk following a negative oral food challenge and its correlation with IgE and SPT measurements of milk components at diagnosis. Secondary outcomes included the rate of allergic reactions and anaphylaxis during the treatment period and its correlation with IgE and SPT measurements. RESULTS: Of the 200 charts analysed, 122 patients had a negative oral food challenge to milk (61.0%) (95% confidence interval (CI): 54.1-67.5) following a period of strict avoidance of milk. Higher levels of component-specific IgE, especially casein, were associated with failure in the oral food challenge (p = 0.02). Allergic reactions were experienced by 106 children (53%), of which 34 (17%; 95% CI: 12.4-22.8) had anaphylactic reactions. The risk of anaphylaxis was not predicted by raised IgE levels. CONCLUSIONS: While a large proportion of children acquired natural tolerance to cow's milk following a period of strict avoidance, IgE-mediated CMPA persisted in many children. Casein IgE levels at diagnosis were raised in those who failed to achieve natural tolerance. Allergic reactions to milk, including anaphylaxis, occurred commonly, but this was not predicted by raised IgE levels or SPT measurements.

Tasa de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a meticilina en urgencias pediátricas en España / Rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pediatric emergency departments in Spain

Introducción: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) es un germen frecuente en las infecciones bacterianas infantiles. Últimamente la tasa de S. aureus resistente a meticilina (SAMR) está aumentando.Objetivos: Principal: conocer la tasa de cultivos positivos a SAMR en los servicios de urgencias pediátricos españoles. Secundarios: analizar factores de riesgo de aislamiento de SAMR (procedencia del paciente, antecedentes de hospitalización o cirugía en los 90 días previos, de antibioterapia en los 60 días previos, presencia de comorbilidad, dispositivos invasivos, aislamiento SAMR previo) y la morbilidad de estas infecciones.Metodología: Estudio retrospectivo multicéntrico (1/07/2017-30/06/2018) con revisión de historias de pacientes con aislamiento de S. aureus en muestras de cualquier origen obtenidas en 8 servicios de urgencias pediátricos del Grupo de Trabajo de Enfermedades Infecciosas de la Sociedad Española de Urgencias de Pediatría.Resultados: Durante dicho periodo se aisló S. aureus en 403 pacientes (edad media 75,8±59,2 meses; 54,8% hombres): 28,8% infecciones relacionadas con el hospital y 71,2% con la comunidad. Tasa global de SAMR: 16,6% (IC95%: 13-20,2%); 18,1% en infecciones relacionadas con el hospital y 16,2% en infecciones relacionadas con la comunidad (p>0,05). Las tasas más altas de SAMR se obtuvieron en abscesos cutáneos (29,3%; IC95%: 21,8-36,8%), pacientes no nacidos en España (52%; IC95%: 32-72%) o con una infección previa por SAMR (90%; IC95% 71,4-100%). Ingresaron 167 pacientes (41%), presentaron complicaciones 12 (3%) y secuelas 4 (1%). No hubo fallecimientos. (AU)

Introduction: Staphylococcusaureus (S. aureus) is a common germ present in bacterial infections in children. Lately, the rate of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is increasing.Objectives: The main aim of this study is to know the rate of positive cultures to MRSA in Spanish pediatric emergency departments. The secondary aims are to analyze the risk factors for MRSA isolation (patient origin, history of hospitalization or surgery in the previous 90 days, antibiotherapy in the previous 60 days, presence of comorbidity, invasive devices, prior MRSA isolation) and to analyze the morbidity of these infections.Methodology: Retrospective multicenter study (07/01/2017–06/30/2018) with review of patient histories with isolation of S. aureus in samples of any origin obtained in 8 pediatric emergency departments of the Infectious Diseases Working Group of the Spanish Society of Pediatric Emergencies.Results: During this period, S. aureus was detected in 403 patients (average age 75.8±59.2 months; 54.8% male): 28.8% hospital-related infections and 71.2% community-related infections. Overall, MRSA rate was 16.6% (95% CI: 13-20.2%); 18.1% in hospital-related infections and 16.2% in community-related infections (P>.05). The highest rates of MRSA were obtained in skin abscesses (29.3%, 95% CI: 21.8-36.8%), patients not born in Spain (52%; 95% CI: 32-72%) or patients with a previous MRSA infection (90%; 95% CI: 71.4-100%).167 (41%) patients were admitted, 12 (3%) had complications and 4 (1%) suffered sequels. There were no deaths. (AU)

Rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pediatric emergency departments in Spain.

INTRODUCTION: Staphylococcus aureus is a common germ in bacterial infections in children. The rate of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is increasing lately. OBJECTIVES: The main aim is to know the rate of positive cultures to MRSA in Spanish pediatric emergency departments. The secondary aims are to analyse the risk factors for MRSA isolation (patient origin, history of hospitalization or surgery in the previous 90 days, antibiotherapy in the previous 60 days, presence of comorbidity, invasive devices, prior MRSA isolation) and to analyse the morbidity of these infections. METHODOLOGY: Retrospective multicenter study (07/01/2017-06/30/2018) with review of patient histories with isolation of S. aureus in samples of any origin obtained in 8 pediatric emergency departments of the Infectious Diseases Working Group of the Spanish Society of pediatric Emergencies. RESULTS: During this period, S. aureus was detected in 403 patients (average age 75.8 ± 59.2 months; 54.8% male): 28.8% hospital-related infections (HRI) and 71.2% community-related infections (CRI). Overall, MRSA rate was 16.6% (95% CI: 13-20.2%); 18.1% in HRI and 16.2% in CRI (p > 0.05). The highest rates of MRSA were obtained in skin abscesses (29.3%, CI 95%: 21.8-36.8%), patients not born in Spain (52%; CI 95%: 32-72%) or patients with a previous MRSA infection (90%; CI 95% 71.4-100%). 167 (41%) patients were admitted, 12 (3%) had complications and 4 (1%) suffered sequels. There were no deaths. CONCLUSIONS: The overall MRSA rate was one in 6 staphylococcal infections. Higher MRSA rates were detected in samples of suppurating skin injuries and in foreign children or in children with a history of previous MRSA infection. In suppurative skin lesions, early drainage is essential and the change to an antibiotic with MRSA coverage should be considered if the evolution is inadequate.

[Rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pediatric emergency departments in Spain]. / Tasa de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a meticilina en urgencias pediátricas en España.

INTRODUCTION: Staphylococcusaureus (S. aureus) is a common germ present in bacterial infections in children. Lately, the rate of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is increasing. OBJECTIVES: The main aim of this study is to know the rate of positive cultures to MRSA in Spanish pediatric emergency departments. The secondary aims are to analyze the risk factors for MRSA isolation (patient origin, history of hospitalization or surgery in the previous 90 days, antibiotherapy in the previous 60 days, presence of comorbidity, invasive devices, prior MRSA isolation) and to analyze the morbidity of these infections. METHODOLOGY: Retrospective multicenter study (07/01/2017-06/30/2018) with review of patient histories with isolation of S. aureus in samples of any origin obtained in 8 pediatric emergency departments of the Infectious Diseases Working Group of the Spanish Society of Pediatric Emergencies. RESULTS: During this period, S. aureus was detected in 403 patients (average age 75.8±59.2 months; 54.8% male): 28.8% hospital-related infections and 71.2% community-related infections. Overall, MRSA rate was 16.6% (95% CI: 13-20.2%); 18.1% in hospital-related infections and 16.2% in community-related infections (P>.05). The highest rates of MRSA were obtained in skin abscesses (29.3%, 95% CI: 21.8-36.8%), patients not born in Spain (52%; 95% CI: 32-72%) or patients with a previous MRSA infection (90%; 95% CI: 71.4-100%). 167 (41%) patients were admitted, 12 (3%) had complications and 4 (1%) suffered sequels. There were no deaths. CONCLUSIONS: The overall MRSA rate was one in six staphylococcal infections. Higher MRSA rates were detected in samples of suppurating skin injuries and in foreign children or in children with a history of previous MRSA infection. In suppurative skin lesions, early drainage is essential and the change to an antibiotic with MRSA coverage should be considered if the evolution is inadequate.

Análisis del impacto del confinamiento en la demanda asistencial y características de los pacientes atendidos en urgencias pediátricas / Analysis of the impact of COVID-19 pandemic confinement on demand for pediatric emergency care and the characteristics of children attended

No disponible

Impacto de unas sesiones formativas en el tratamiento de los episodios de broncoespasmo en urgencias / Impact of training sessions on the treatment of bronchospasm episodes in the emergency department

No disponible

Recomendaciones sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la infección urinaria / Recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection

La infección del tracto urinario se define como el crecimiento de microorganismos en orina recogida de forma estéril, en un paciente con síntomas clínicos compatibles. En ausencia de sintomatología el aislamiento de bacterias en urocultivo se denomina bacteriuria asintomática y no precisa tratamiento. En neonatos y lactantes el signo guía para sospechar una infección del tracto urinario es la fiebre. En niños continentes los síntomas urinarios clásicos cobran mayor importancia. El diagnóstico requiere siempre la recogida de urocultivo previo al inicio de tratamiento antibiótico. En niños continentes la muestra de orina para urocultivo se debe recoger por micción espontánea. En niños no continentes mediante sondaje vesical, pudiendo optar por punción suprapúbica en neonatos y lactantes pequeños. No se debe enviar para urocultivo una muestra recogida mediante bolsa adhesiva. No se han demostrado diferencias significativas en la evolución clínica y desarrollo de secuelas entre la administración antibiótica oral exclusiva frente a la intravenosa de corta duración seguida de administración oral. La selección de la antibioterapia empírica inicial se basará en el patrón local de susceptibilidad. En la cistitis este consenso recomienda el uso empírico de cefalosporinas de segunda generación en menores de 6 años y fosfomicina trometamol en mayores. La antibioterapia empírica recomendada en pielonefritis que no precisan ingreso son las cefalosporinas de tercera generación. En caso de precisar ingreso se recomiendan los aminoglucósidos. En menores de 3 meses se debe añadir ampicilina. Una vez conocido el resultado del cultivo se debe dirigir el tratamiento de continuación, tanto intravenoso como oral

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is defined as the growth of microorganisms in a sterile urine culture in a patient with compatible clinical symptoms. The presence of bacteria without any symptoms is known as asymptomatic bacteriuria, and does not require any treatment. In neonates and infants, fever is the guiding sign to suspecting a UTI. Classic urinary tract symptoms become more important in older children. Urine cultures collected before starting antibiotics is always required for diagnosis. Clean-catch (midstream) specimens should be collected for urine culture. In the case of non-toilet-trained children, specimens must be obtained by urinary catheterisation, or suprapubic puncture in neonates and infants. Specimens collected by urine bag should not be used for urine culture. There are no significant differences in the clinical evolution and prognosis between oral versus short intravenous followed by oral antibiotic. Empirical antibiotic therapy should be guided by local susceptibility patterns. Second-generation cephalosporin (children under 6 years) and fosfomycin trometamol (over 6 years), are the empiric therapy recommended in this consensus. In the case of pyelonephritis, recommended antibiotic treatment are third-generation cephalosporins (outpatient care) or, if admission is required, aminoglycosides. Ampicillin should be added in infants less than 3 months old. Antibiotic de-escalation should be always practiced once the result of the urine culture is known

[Recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection]. / Recomendaciones sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la infección urinaria.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is defined as the growth of microorganisms in a sterile urine culture in a patient with compatible clinical symptoms. The presence of bacteria without any symptoms is known as asymptomatic bacteriuria, and does not require any treatment. In neonates and infants, fever is the guiding sign to suspecting a UTI. Classic urinary tract symptoms become more important in older children. Urine cultures collected before starting antibiotics is always required for diagnosis. Clean-catch (midstream) specimens should be collected for urine culture. In the case of non-toilet-trained children, specimens must be obtained by urinary catheterisation, or suprapubic puncture in neonates and infants. Specimens collected by urine bag should not be used for urine culture. There are no significant differences in the clinical evolution and prognosis between oral versus short intravenous followed by oral antibiotic. Empirical antibiotic therapy should be guided by local susceptibility patterns. Second-generation cephalosporin (children under 6 years) and fosfomycin trometamol (over 6 years), are the empiric therapy recommended in this consensus. In the case of pyelonephritis, recommended antibiotic treatment are third-generation cephalosporins (outpatient care) or, if admission is required, aminoglycosides. Ampicillin should be added in infants less than 3 months old. Antibiotic de-escalation should be always practiced once the result of the urine culture is known.

Material pediátrico del carro de paradas y maletín en los centros de salud / Current availability of pediatric supplies in resucitation trolleys in Spanish primary care centers

Introducción: disponer de los medios materiales adecuados para la atención del niño crítico supone un elemento fundamental en la práctica médica pediátrica. El objetivo del trabajo es conocer la situación actual en los centros de Atención Primaria del territorio español en cuanto al material y formación que precisan los profesionales. Material y métodos: estudio transversal descriptivo. Se envió un formulario vía internet a los pediatras de Atención Primaria. Se recogieron las respuestas durante las seis semanas posteriores. Resultados: respondieron 213 profesionales, 94,4% pediatras de distintos centros de Atención Primaria. El 91,9% de los encuestados dispone de material para atender una urgencia o emergencia pediátrica, existiendo material específico pediátrico solo en el 49,1% y maletín de urgencias pediátrico para salir fuera del centro en el 46% de los casos. En más del 90% disponen de oxígeno, bolsa de ventilación, pulsioxímetro (solo el 54,8% dispone de sensor de lactantes), desfibrilador, cánula orofaríngea, manguito de presión arterial y equipos de perfusión intravenoso. El aspirador de secreciones está presente según el 70,5% de los casos y las sondas de aspiración pediátricas en el 75,8%, pero la aguja intraósea pediátrica solo en el 33,6%, y la mascarilla laríngea en el 32,1%. Asimismo, solo un 31% dispone de ceftriaxona intramuscular. Conclusión: a pesar de las importantes deficiencias tanto en el material pediátrico existente en los centros de Atención Primaria, como en la formación del personal en cursos de reanimación cardiopulmonar y patología grave pediátrica, la mayoría de los pediatras siente disponer de los medios necesarios para asistir la patología pediátrica más prevalente

Introduction: Adequate material resources to treat life-threatening emergencies are essential in pediatric medical practice. The purpose of this study is to know the available life support material in primary care centers in Spain. Material and methods: descriptive cross-sectional study was performed. An online survey form was sent to primary care pediatricians. The responses were collected for six weeks. Results: 213 professionals answered the surrey, of which 94,4% were pediatricians who worked in different primary care centers in Spain. 91.9% of the respondents had some material to attend a pediatric emergency. However, specific pediatric material was only available in 49.1% of the centers and a pediatric emergency kit to attend patients out of healthcare centers in 46% of the cases. Focusing on the specific items, there was oxygen, a ventilation bag, a pulsioximeter (only 54.8% have an infant sensor), defibrillator, oropharyngeal cannula, blood pressure cuff and intravenous infusion equipment in 90% of the centers. The secretions aspirator was present in 70.5% and the pediatric aspiration probes in 75.8%. Nevertheless, only 33.6% had pediatric intraosseous needle, 32.1% laryngeal mask and 31% intramuscular ceftriaxone. Conclusion: despite the significant deficiencies in pediatric material resources and staff training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and severe pediatric pathology in primary care centers, most pediatricians feel that they have the required human and material means to treat more prevalent pediatric pathology

Evaluación neuropsicológica en niños y adolescentes con fenilcetonuria e hiperfenilalaninemia y su relación con los niveles de fenilalanina plasmática / Neuropsychological assessment among children and adolescents with phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalaninemia and its relationship with plasma phenylalanine levels

Aunque, con tratamiento precoz, los pacientes con fenilcetonuria pueden presentar niveles de inteligencia normales, es importante optimizar el control dietético para mantener niveles de fenilalanina adecuados y poder desarrollar su potencial intelectual sin alteraciones en sus tareas diarias por déficits en las funciones ejecutivas. Se presenta una serie de 26 pacientes, diagnosticados y tratados precozmente, a quienes se realizó una evaluación psicométrica junto con determinaciones de fenilalanina a lo largo de su vida y en el momento de realización de los tests. Se observa una tendencia a la relación inversa entre el cociente intelectual y la fenilalanina concurrente, la mediana de fenilalanina y el cociente fenilalanina/tirosina, así como una tendencia a la relación negativa entre las funciones ejecutivas y los valores de fenilalanina concurrentes y durante la vida.

Although with early treatment phenylketonuria patients may have average intelligence levels, it is important to optimize the nutritional management to maintain adequate phenylalanine levels, so that patients can develop their intellectual potential free of abnormalities in their daily activities due to deficits of cognitive executive functions. This study presents a series of 26 patients, diagnosed and treated early, who underwent a psychometric evaluation together with phenylalanine determinations along their lives, and at the time of doing the tests. A trend is observed towards a reverse relationship between IQ and concurrent phenylalanine concentration, phenylalanine median and phenylalanine/tyrosine ratio. Likewise, a trend towards a negative relationship is observed between executive functions and concurrent phenylalanine values along patients' lives.

Neuropsychological assessment among children and adolescents with phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalaninemia and its relationship with plasma phenylalanine levels. / Evaluación neuropsicológica en niños y adolescentes con fenilcetonuria e hiperfenilalaninemia y su relación con los niveles de fenilalanina plasmática.

Although with early treatment phenylketonuria patients may have average intelligence levels, it is important to optimize the nutritional management to maintain adequate phenylalanine levels, so that patients can develop their intellectal potential free of abnormalities in their daily activities due to deficits of cognitive executive functions. This study presents a series of 26 patients, diagnosed and treated early, who underwent a psychometric evaluation together with phenylalanine determinations along their lives, and at the time of doing the tests. A trend is observed towards a reverse relationship between IQ and concurrent phenylalanine concentration, phenylalanine median and phenylalanine/tyrosine ratio. Likewise, a trend towards a negative relationship is observed between executive functions and concurrent phenylalanine values along patients' lives.

Aunque, con tratamiento precoz, los pacientes con fenilcetonuria pueden presentar niveles de inteligencia normales, es importante optimizar el control dietético para mantener niveles de fenilalanina adecuados y poder desarrollar su potencial intelectual sin alteraciones en sus tareas diarias por déficits en las funciones ejecutivas. Se presenta una serie de 26 pacientes, diagnosticados y tratados precozmente, a quienes se realizó una evaluación psicométrica junto con determinaciones de fenilalanina a lo largo de su vida y en el momento de realización de los tests. Se observa una tendencia a la relación inversa entre el cociente intelectual y la fenilalanina concurrente, la mediana de fenilalanina y el cociente fenilalanina/tirosina, así como una tendencia a la relación negativa entre las funciones ejecutivas y los valores de fenilalanina concurrentes y durante la vida.

Psychogenic cough: a diagnosis of exclusion.

Cough is the most common respiratory symptom and a common reason for consultation in both primary care and emergency departments, as a result of family concerns. We report an 11-year-old girl who complains of constant cough episode for 4 hours without any rest. After sequential treatment with nebulized salbutamol and budesonide, dexamethasone, codeine, and midazolam, the patient showed transient improvement, with cough disappearing altogether, but 10 minutes later, it started over with the same intensity from the beginning. When she got distracted and talked, the access decreased, starting again when the word "cough" or similar terms were mentioned in front of her. She remained asymptomatic for 2 hours, after which her symptoms began similarly to the initial, coinciding with taking 1 tablet of clarithromycin, so it was decided to start a continuous infusion of midazolam, with the cough disappearing completely after 15 minutes of starting the infusion. One hour after starting the infusion, the child fell asleep. At waking, the cough had disappeared. She continued treatment with oral codeine for 3 days, showing no relapse. It is important to include psychogenic cough in the differential diagnosis of persistent or recurrent chronic cough and asthma that is difficult to control and communicate that diagnostic criteria are based on indicative symptoms (cough access only when awake), with normal radiology, spirometry, and bronchoscopy, to avoid misdiagnosis and inadequate pharmacological actions. Successful treatment is based on recognizing the underlying cause and use of different forms of cognitive-behavioral therapies that aim to break the habit.

Predictive factors of low risk for bacteremia in infants with urinary tract infection.

We studied 140 febrile infants between 30 and 90 days of age who had a positive urine culture to analyze the risk for complications. Patients with a healthy appearance and C-reactive protein blood value less than 40 mg/L had a very small probability of complications.