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1.
Int J Tuberc Lung Dis ; 26(11): 1033-1040, 2022 Nov 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36281040

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Patients with isoniazid (H, INH) resistant pulmonary TB but undetected rifampicin (R, RIF) resistance are treated with a 6-month regimen of levofloxacin-RIF-ethambutol-pyrazinamide (6LvxREZ) under India´s National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP).OBJECTIVE: To describe the profile of and treatment outcomes in patients with pulmonary INH-resistant (INHR) TB initiated on TB treatment, and identify factors associated with unfavourable treatment outcomes (died, failed, treatment changed, lost to follow-up).METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of NTEP database (Ni-kshay) on pulmonary INHR TB patients initiated on treatment with "H mono/poly regimen" (6LvxREZ) between July 2019 and June 2020 with documented treatment outcomes. Proportions with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated and logistic regression analysis was performed.RESULTS: Of the 11,519 patients with pulmonary INHR TB, 9,440 (82%) had treatment success (55.1% cured, 26.9% treatment completed). Unfavourable treatment outcome was observed in 1,901 (16.5%). Male sex, tobacco and alcohol use, HIV reactive status were associated with unfavourable treatment outcome. Patients with katG mutations and resistance to fluoroquinolones were likely to have poor treatment outcomes.CONCLUSION: A levofloxacin-based regimen offers a treatment success rate of 82% in patients with pulmonary INHR TB. Sex-specific strategies, interventions to address smoking and alcohol use, focus on HIV-reactive patients and optimising treatment regimens based on drug susceptibility should be considered for improving treatment outcomes.


Subject(s)
HIV Infections , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary , Female , Humans , Male , Isoniazid/therapeutic use , Pyrazinamide/therapeutic use , Ethambutol/therapeutic use , Rifampin/therapeutic use , Levofloxacin/therapeutic use , Retrospective Studies , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy , Fluoroquinolones/therapeutic use , Treatment Outcome , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/drug therapy
2.
Public Health Action ; 7(1): 32-38, 2017 Mar 21.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28775941

ABSTRACT

Setting: India has one of the highest global rates of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), which is associated with poor treatment outcomes. A better understanding of the risk factors for unfavourable outcomes is needed. Objectives: To describe 1) the demographic and clinical characteristics of MDR-TB patients registered in three states of India during 2009-2011, 2) treatment outcomes, and 3) factors associated with unfavourable outcomes. Design: A retrospective cohort study involving a record review of registered MDR-TB patients. Results: Of 788 patients, 68% were male, 70% were aged 15-44 years, 90% had failed previous anti-tuberculosis treatment or were retreatment smear-positive, 60% had a body mass index < 18.5 kg/m2 and 72% had additional resistance to streptomycin and/or ethambutol. The median time from sputum collection to the start of MDR-TB treatment was 128 days (IQR 103-173). Unfavourable outcomes occurred in 40% of the patients, mostly from death or loss to follow-up. Factors significantly associated with unfavourable outcomes included male sex, age ⩾ 45 years, being underweight and infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. Adverse drug reactions were reported in 24% of patients, with gastrointestinal disturbance, psychiatric morbidity and ototoxicity the most common. Conclusion: Long delays from sputum collection to treatment initiation using conventional methods, along with poor treatment outcomes, suggest the need to scale up rapid diagnostic tests and shorter regimens for MDR-TB.


Contexte : L'Inde a l'un des taux les plus élevés au monde de tuberculose multirésistante (TB-MDR), qui est associée à des résultats médiocres du traitement. Une meilleure compréhension des facteurs de risque de résultats défavorables est requise.Objectifs : Décrire : 1) les caractéristiques démographiques et cliniques des patients TB-MDR enregistrés dans trois états d'Inde de 2009 à 2011, 2) les résultats du traitement, et 3) les facteurs associés à des résultats défavorables.Schéma : Une étude de cohorte rétrospective impliquant une revue des dossiers des patients TB-MDR enregistrés.Résultats : Il y a eu 788 patients, dont 68% d'hommes, 70% âgés de 15­44 ans, 90% ayant eu un échec de leur traitement anti-tuberculose précédent ou ayant un frottis positif en retraitement, 60% ayant un index de masse corporelle < 18,5 kg/m2 et 72% ayant en plus une résistance à la streptomycine et/ou à l'éthambutol. Le délai médian entre le recueil de crachats et la mise en route du traitement de la TB-MDR a été de 128 jours (IQR 103­173). Les résultats ont été défavorables pour 40% des patients, en majorité des décès ou des pertes de vue. Les facteurs significativement associés à un résultat défavorable ont inclus le sexe masculin, l'âge ⩾ 45 ans, la maigreur et le fait d'être positif pour le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine. Des effets secondaires des médicaments ont été notés dans 24% des cas, avec des troubles gastro-intestinaux, des problèmes psychiatriques et une ototoxicité comme symptômes les plus fréquents.Conclusion : De longs délais entre le recueil de crachats et la mise en route du traitement basé sur des méthodes conventionnelles et des résultats médiocres du traitement signalent la nécessité d'intensifier la mise en œuvre des tests de diagnostic rapide et des protocoles de traitement court de la TB-MDR.


Marco de referencia: La tasa de tuberculosis multirresistente (TB-MDR) en la India es una de las tasas más altas en el mundo y se asocia con desenlaces terapéuticos desfavorables. Es preciso lograr un mejor conocimiento de los factores de riesgo que determinan la ineficacia del tratamiento.Objetivos: 1) Describir las características demográficas y clínicas de los pacientes con TB-MDR registrados en tres estados de la India del 2009 al 2011; 2) analizar los desenlaces terapéuticos; y 3) describir los factores asociados con los resultados desfavorables del tratamiento.Método: Un estudio retrospectivo de cohortes a partir del análisis de las historias clínicas de los pacientes registrados con diagnóstico de TB-MDR.Resultados: Se incluyeron en el estudio 788 pacientes; el 68% era de sexo masculino, en el 70% la edad estaba comprendida entre 15 años y 44 años, el 90% tenía antecedente de fracaso de un tratamiento antituberculoso o estaba en retratamiento con baciloscopia positiva, el índice de masa corporal era inferior a 18,5 en el 60% de los casos y el 72% presentaba resistencia adicional a estreptomicina, etambutol o ambos. La mediana del lapso entre la recogida de la muestra de esputo y el comienzo del tratamiento de la TB-MDR fue 128 días (intervalo intercuartil 103­173). Se observaron desenlaces desfavorables en 40% de los pacientes y consistieron en su mayoría en defunciones o pérdidas durante el seguimiento. Los factores que se asociaron de manera significativa con estos desenlaces fueron el sexo masculino, la edad ⩾ 45 años, el bajo peso y la serología positiva frente del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. Se notificaron reacciones adversas a los medicamentos en el 24% de los casos, de las cuales las más frecuentes fueron los trastornos gastrointestinales, las afecciones psiquiátricas y la ototoxicidad.Conclusión: La observación de plazos prolongados entre la recogida de las muestras de esputo y la iniciación del tratamiento cuando se utilizan los medios diagnósticos corrientes y de desenlaces terapéuticos desfavorables destaca la necesidad de ampliar la escala de aplicación de las pruebas rápidas de diagnóstico y la administración de pautas más cortas de tratamiento de la TB-MDR.

3.
Int J Tuberc Lung Dis ; 21(1): 93-99, 2017 01 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28157471

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Circulating angiogenic factors of the vascular endothelial growth factor family are important biomarkers of disease severity in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). However, the role of angiopoietins, which are also involved in angiogenesis, in PTB is not known. OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: To examine the association of circulating angiopoietins with TB disease or latent tuberculous infection (LTBI), we examined the systemic levels of angiopoietin (Ang) 1, Ang 2 and Tie-2 receptor in individuals with PTB (n = 44), LTBI (n = 44) or no tuberculous infection (NTBI) (n = 44). RESULTS: Circulating levels of Ang-1, Ang-2 and Tie-2 were significantly higher in PTB than in individuals with LTBI or NTBI. Moreover, Ang-1, Ang-2 and Tie-2 levels were significantly higher in PTB with bilateral disease. The levels of these factors also exhibited a significant positive relationship with bacterial burdens in PTB. Receiver operating characteristics curve analysis revealed Ang-2 as a marker distinguishing PTB from LTBI or NTBI. Finally, the circulating levels of Ang-1, Ang-2 and Tie-2 were significantly reduced following anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that PTB is associated with elevated levels of circulating angiopoietins, possibly reflecting endothelial dysfunction. In addition, Ang-2 could prove useful as a biomarker to monitor disease severity, bacterial burden and therapeutic responses.


Subject(s)
Angiopoietins/blood , Biomarkers/blood , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/blood , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis , Adolescent , Adult , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use , Case-Control Studies , Female , Humans , Latent Tuberculosis/blood , Latent Tuberculosis/diagnosis , Latent Tuberculosis/drug therapy , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Receptor, TIE-2/blood , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/blood , Young Adult
4.
Int J Tuberc Lung Dis ; 20(12): 1671-1676, 2016 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27931345

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Sputum culture conversion in pulmonary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is important to make treatment-related decisions and prevent transmission of disease. OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with sputum culture conversion, and to determine time to culture conversion and the impact of culture conversion on successful treatment outcomes in MDR-/rifampicin (RMP) resistant TB. METHOD: Retrospective analysis of data from treatment cards and registers of MDR-/RMP-resistant patients initiated on treatment under India's Revised National TB Control Programme in Delhi, West Bengal and Kerala from January 2009 to December 2011. Proportions were calculated and logistic regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: Of 836 patients, 787 were analysed, 651 (83%) of whom experienced culture conversion: respectively 57%, 73% and 79% culture converted by month 3, 4 and 6 of treatment. The median time to culture conversion was 91.3 days. Patients with body mass index (BMI) 16 kg/m2 (OR 0.403, P = 0.001) and 1618 kg/m2 (OR 0.519, P = 0.039) were less likely to have culture conversion. High rates of culture conversion were observed in patients with successful treatment outcomes compared to those without treatment success (462/469, 99% vs. 183/311, 59%; P 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Low BMI is associated with poor sputum culture conversion in MDR-/RMP-resistant TB patients. Lack of culture conversion can impact successful treatment outcomes.


Subject(s)
Sputum/microbiology , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/diagnosis , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy , Adolescent , Adult , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use , Body Mass Index , Diagnostic Tests, Routine , Disease Management , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Female , Humans , India , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Rifampin/therapeutic use , Treatment Outcome , Young Adult
5.
Public Health Action ; 5(4): 222-35, 2015 Dec 21.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26767175

ABSTRACT

SETTING: Numerous knowledge gaps hamper the prevention and treatment of childhood drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB). Identifying research priorities is vital to inform and develop strategies to address this neglected problem. OBJECTIVE: To systematically identify and rank research priorities in childhood drug-resistant TB. DESIGN: Adapting the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) methodology, we compiled 53 research questions in four research areas, then classified the questions into three research types. We invited experts in childhood drug-resistant TB to score these questions through an online survey. RESULTS: A total of 81 respondents participated in the survey. The top-ranked research question was to identify the best combination of existing diagnostic tools for early diagnosis. Highly ranked treatment-related questions centred on the reasons for and interventions to improve treatment outcomes, adverse effects of drugs and optimal treatment duration. The prevalence of drug-resistant TB was the highest-ranked question in the epidemiology area. The development type questions that ranked highest focused on interventions for optimal diagnosis, treatment and modalities for treatment delivery. CONCLUSION: This is the first effort to identify and rank research priorities for childhood drug-resistant TB. The result is a resource to guide research to improve prevention and treatment of drug-resistant TB in children.


Contexte : De nombreuses lacunes en matière de connaissances entravent la prévention et le traitement de la tuberculose (TB) pharmacorésistante. L'identification des priorités de recherche est vitale pour informer et développer des stratégies afin de répondre à ce problème négligé.Objectif : Tenter d'identifier systématiquement et de classer par ordre les priorités en matière de recherche sur la TB pharmacorésistante de l'enfant.Schéma: Ayant adapté la méthode de Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) (Initiative de recherche en santé et en nutrition de l'enfant), nous avons compilé 53 questions de recherche dans quatre domaines, puis les avons classées en trois types de recherche différents. Nous avons invité des experts en TB pharmacorésistante de l'enfant à classer ces questions grâce à une enquête en ligne.Résultats : Un total de 81 personnes ont participé à l'enquête. La question de recherche qui a été classée première était l'identification des meilleures associations d'outils de diagnostic existants pour permettre un diagnostic précoce. Les questions considérées comme prioritaires en matière de traitement étaient centrées sur des interventions visant à améliorer les résultats du traitement, à réduire les effets secondaires des médicaments et à déterminer la durée idéale du traitement. La prévalence de la TB pharmacorésistante était la priorité dans le domaine de l'épidémiologie. Les questions relatives au développement ont été considérées comme hautement prioritaires et se sont focalisées sur des interventions d'amélioration du diagnostic, du traitement et des modalités de délivrance du traitement.Conclusion : Cette enquête est la première qui vise à identifier et à hiérarchiser les priorités de recherche relatives à la TB pharmacorésistante de l'enfant. Son résultat constitue une ressource pour guider la recherche afin d'améliorer la prévention et le traitement de la TB pharmacorésistante de l'enfant.


Marco de referencia: Numerosas lagunas de conocimiento obstaculizan la prevención y el tratamiento de la tuberculosis drogorresistente (TB-DR) en niños. Es esencial identificar cuales son las áreas prioritarias de investigación para informar y desarrollar estrategias para hacer frente a este problema descuidado.Objetivo: Identificar sistemáticamente las prioridades de investigación en la TB-DR en niños, y construir una clasificación jerárquica de ellas.Diseño: Se adaptó la metodología de la Iniciativa de Investigación en Salud y Nutrición Infantil (CHNRI). Recopilamos 53 preguntas de investigación en cuatro áreas de investigación y luego las clasificamos entre tres tipos de investigación. Invitamos a expertos en TB-DR en niños a que asignen puntajes a cada una de estas preguntas usando una encuesta en línea.Resultados: Un total de 81 individuos participaron en la encuesta. La pregunta de investigación con el puntaje más alto fue de identificar la mejor combinación de existentes herramientas de diagnosis para llegar a un diagnóstico precoz. Preguntas con altos puntajes relacionadas al tratamiento se centraron en entender las razones y las intervenciones para mejorar los resultados del tratamiento, los efectos adversos de los fármacos y la duración óptima del tratamiento. La prevalencia de la TB-DR fue la pregunta con el más alto puntaje en el área de epidemiología. Las preguntas de tipo desarrollo con puntajes más altos se centraron en las intervenciones para el diagnóstico óptimo, el tratamiento óptimo y las modalidades óptimas de prestación del tratamiento.Conclusión: Este ha sido el primer esfuerzo de identificar y clasificar jerárquicamente las prioridades de investigación en la TB-DR en niños. El resultado es un recurso para orientar la investigación para mejorar la prevención y el tratamiento de la TB-DR en niños.

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