Successful treatment of postoperative massive pulmonary embolism with paradoxal arterial embolism through extracorporeal life support and thrombolysis.

Pulmonary embolism is a common clinical entity related to high mortality. About 200,000 to 300,000 patients die every year due to pulmonary embolism. The purpose of this article is to describe a case of a patient who on the second postoperative day after undergoing thromboembolectomy of the left femoral artery, manifested a massive pulmonary embolism. Due to cardiorespiratory collapse a combined treatment via extracorporeal life support (ECLS) and parallel catheter thrombolysis was decided and performed. By cardiorespiratory improvement and final stabilization the patient was successfully weaned from ECLS and the system was successfully removed. After a reasonable postoperative time the patient was dismissed in good overall condition.

Hamman's syndrome (spontaneous pneumomediastinum presenting as subcutaneous emphysema): A rare case of the emergency department and review of the literature.

Pneumomediastinum is a rare clinical entity that concerns the clinicians in the emergency department. We present a case of a patient with spontaneous pneumomediastinum (Hamman's syndrome) that presented to our hospital's emergency department with cervical subcutaneous emphysema. A conservative treatment with observation was performed. The patient after 24 hours of observation was discharged with a suggested follow-up.

A new mode of ventilation for interventional pulmonology. A case with EBUS-TBNA and debulking.

Lung cancer is still underdiagnosed mainly due to lack of symptoms. Most patients are diagnosed in a late stage where unfortunately only systematic therapy can be applied. Fortunately in the last five years several novel therapies and combinations have emerged. However; in certain situations local therapeutics modalities have to be applied in order to solve emergency problems as in the case that we will present. Convex-EBUS probe was used along with a novel method of ventilation which keeps PCO2 concentration satisfyingly low.

Immunotherapy "Shock" with vitiligo due to nivolumab administration as third line therapy in lung adenocarcinoma.

Non-small cell lung cancer is still diagnosed at late stage due to the lack of early symptoms and methods of diagnostic prevention. In the past ten years several targeted therapies have been introduced or explored. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immunotherapy are currently considered the most effective and safe therapies in comparison to the non-specific cytotoxic agents. Regarding tyrosine kinase inhibitors the adverse effects have been fully explored, however; on the other hand for immunotherapy there are still several issues to be clarified. We report a rare case of a patient with lung cancer adenocarcinoma who developed vitiligo throughout his body after nivolumab administration.

Endobronchial ultrasound convex probe for lymphoma, sarcoidosis, lung cancer and other thoracic entities. A case series.

Endobronchial ultrasound endoscopy is a state of the art diagnostic endoscopic procedure for the thorax. Firstly it was designed mainly for the staging of lung cancer and of course for the diagnosis of suspicious findings in large central airways. The main limitation of the equipment is the diameter of the instrument and therefore it can only be guided through large airways. However; the diameter of the working channel also provides a large tissue sample nowadays with the 19G biopsy needle. We will provide our experience with the 22G needle of the endobronchial convex-probe in several medical situations of the thorax.

Immunotherapy "Shock" a case series of PD-L1 100% and pembrolizumab first-line treatment.

In this decade a "bloom" of novel therapies has been observed for non-small cell lung cancer. We have new tools for the diagnosis of lung cancer and also we can re-biospy easier than before in different lesions and obtain tissue samples in order to investigate whether a patient can receive new targeted therapies. Immunotherapy has been well established previously for other forms of cancer, and nowadays it is also available for lung cancer. There are two immunotherapies for now nivolumab and pembrolizumab which can be administered as second line treatment, the second can also be administered as first-line if there is a programmed death-ligand 1 ≥50% expression.

EGFR or PD-L1 decision for first line therapy in a case series of EGFR positive and PD-L1 >50.

Targeted therapies are on the market for the past five years and recently pembrolizumab was approved as first line treatment for patients with PD-L1 >50%. We present three cases of patients which had epidermal growth factor receptor positive expression and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), PD-L1 >50% overexpression.

Possible adverse effects of immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer; treatment and follow-up of three cases.

In the past decade novel agents are on the market for non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma based on pharmacogenomics. The epidermal growth factor receptor mutation, anaplastic lymphoma kinase and programmed death-ligand 1 investigation is necessary in the everyday clinical practice for the oncologic patient. Immunotherapy is nowadays the novel therapy for advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer with two agents nivolumab and pembrolizumab. In the current case series we will present adverse effects from our centers and comment on the treatment and follow-up of the patients.

Re-biopsy after relapse of targeted therapy. T790M after epidermal growth factor mutation, where and why based on a case series.

Guidelines for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma positive in epidermal growth factor mutations indicate tyrosine kinase inhibitors. There are currently three tyrosine kinase inhibitors that can be used as first line treatment: gefitinib, erlotinib and afatinib. Regarding erlotinib and afatinib dosage can be modified in the case of severe adverse effects. In the case of disease relapse investigation for T790M mutation has to be made either with re-biopsy or liquid biopsy and osimertinib has to be administered when T790M is diagnosed. Based on a case series we indicate which is the best approach for T790M mutation.

Reduction of exercise capacity in sarcoidosis in relation to disease severity.

INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) do not always predict functional limitations during exercise in sarcoidosis. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) may facilitate the recognition of exercise intolerance in these patients. AIM: As relevant data in sarcoid patients are limited, the aim of the study reported here was to assess exercise capacity impairment during a maximal CPET and to evaluate potential correlations with PFT measurements and radiological stages of the disease. METHOD: A total of 83 sarcoid patients consecutively referred for evaluation of exertional dyspnea over a 3-year period were studied retrospectively with PFTs, including spirometry, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and lung volumes, and CPET using standard protocol. Patients were grouped according to their radiological stages: Stage I (n=43), Stages II-III (n=31), and Stage IV (n=9). RESULTS: Forced expiratory volume in 1 second, forced vital capacity, and total lung capacity were mildly impaired only in Stage IV (means ± standard deviation: 72.44±28.00, 71.33±26.70, and 59.78±21.72, respectively), while DLCO was mildly and moderately reduced in Stages II-III and IV (72.68±14.13 and 51.22±18.50, respectively) and differed significantly between all stages (I vs II-III: P=0.003, I vs IV: P=0.003, and II-III vs IV: P=0.009). Exercise capacity (as expressed by peak oxygen consumption <84% predicted) was decreased in 53% of patients (Stage I: 48%, Stages II-III: 52%, Stage IV: 78%); however, significant differences were noticed only between Stages I and IV (P=0.0025). Of note, significant correlations were found between peak oxygen consumption and DLCO (P=0.0083), minute ventilation (P<0.0001), oxygen pulse (P<0.0001), lactate threshold (P<0.0001), and peak ventilatory threshold (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: CPET could be considered a useful tool in exercise intolerance evaluation in sarcoid patients with mild PFT abnormalities. Exercise limitation in sarcoidosis may be attributed to both ventilatory and cardiocirculatory impairment.

Measurement of exhaled alveolar nitrogen oxide in patients with lung cancer: a friend from the past still precious today.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a marker of airway inflammation and indirectly a general indicator of inflammation and oxidative stress. NO is a contributing factor in lung cancer at an early stage and also after chemotherapy treatment of lung cancer. We studied whether exhaled NO levels were altered by three cycles of chemotherapy at diagnosis and after chemotherapy, and whether, directly or indirectly, these changes were related to the course of disease. Also, a correlation of NO levels with other markers of inflammation was performed. We studied 42 patients diagnosed early: 26 men and 16 women with lung cancer. We analyzed blood tests for control of inflammatory markers, functional pulmonary tests, and alveolar exhaled NO. We recorded a decrease in exhaled NO after three cycles of chemotherapy in all patients, regardless of histological type and stage: there were 42 patients with mean 9.8 NO after three cycles (average 7.7). Also, a strong correlation appeared between NO measurements before and after chemotherapy and C-reactive protein (P < 0.05, r = 0.42, before) and (P < 0.045, r = 0.64, after). NO alveolar measurement as an indicator of airway inflammation indicates response to chemotherapy in lung cancer. Also, the inflammatory process in lung cancer was confirmed and indicated response to chemotherapy through an index that is sensitive to inflammatory disease of the airways.