Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon-Based Quantum Dots and Doped Derivatives for Improved Andrographolide's Hydrophilicity in Drug Delivery Platforms.

Carbon-based quantum dots (CBQDs), sulfur-doped carbon-based quantum dots (S-CBQDs), and nitrogen-doped carbon-based quantum dots (N-CBQDs) have strong potential for drug delivery platforms. They were conjugated with andrographolide, a well-known hydrophobic drug, to study the concomitant changes in hydrophilicity. The interactions between these nanomaterials and the drug were studied by characterizing the optical and structural properties of the nanoparticles before and after coupling with the drug. It was found that the interaction of the drug with these nanomaterials produced noticeable changes in their optical and structural properties. Moreover, the partition coefficient for the nanocomposites was determined by NMR. The results indicate that conjugating the drug with the nanoparticles significantly enhanced its affinity for the aqueous phase, from 2.632 to 0.1117, thereby opening the possibility of using this approach for developing an effective drug delivery platform for this hydrophobic drug.

Laparoscopic gastrostomy in critical polytrauma patients / [Gastrostomía laparoscópica en pacientes politraumatizados críticos]

Introduction: In critical ill patients, a hypermetabolic state develops in response to the aggression received, which leads to a rapid process of malnutrition, and has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The preferred enteral feeding way is through an endoscopic gastrostomy, an alternative procedure is the laparoscopic approach. Methods: Data was collected Between January 2016 and March 2019, of patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of the Hospital de Urgencias de Córdoba. Patients had an indication of enteral nutrition, and underwent laparoscopic feeding gastrostomy. Demographic data, as well as preoperative assessment according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, operative and postoperative complications, beginning and feasibility of feeding were recorded. Results: 12 patients full fill the inclusion criteria. Age average was 39 years. The total average surgical time was 39 minutes, not recording perioperative complications regarding the procedure. All the patients were fed after 24 hours. Conclusion: In our institution, the indication of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is the elected choice; laparoscopic gastrostomy is a low-complexity technique, which can be done immediately after the indication in selected patients.

Introducción: En los pacientes críticos se instala un estado hipermetabólico como respuesta a la agresión recibida, lo que conduce a un rápido proceso de desnutrición, el cual se ha asociado a mayor morbilidad y mortalidad. La vía de alimentación enteral de elección es a través de una gastrostomía endoscópica, y una alternativa es la vía laparoscópica. Métodos: Entre enero de 2016 y marzo de 2019, se colectaron los datos de los pacientes internados en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva del Hospital de Urgencias de Córdoba con indicación de nutrición enteral y sometidos a gastrostomía laparoscópica de alimentación. Se obtuvieron datos demográficos, valoración preoperatoria según la clasificación de American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), complicaciones trans y postoperatorias, comienzo y factibilidad de la alimentación. Resultados: Cumplieron los criterios de inclusión 12 pacientes, edad promedio de 39 años. El tiempo quirúrgico promedio total fue de 39 minutos, no registrando complicaciones perioperatorias Todos pudieron ser alimentados a partir de las 24 hs. Conclusión: En nuestro Hospital la gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea es de elección, utilizando la gastrostomía laparoscópica en casos seleccionados. Es una técnica de escasa complejidad y al alcance del cirujano, pudiendo ser programada en forma inmediata a la indicación.

Dinámicas familiares: un factor determinante en la reincidencia juvenil de conductas delictivas / Family dynamics: a determinant factor in juvenile recidivism of delinquent behaviours

Este artículo da cuenta de la reflexión en torno a las dinámicas familiares como factor asociado a la reincidencia juvenil de conductas delictivas, producto de la investigación realizada en la ciudad de Popayán, Cauca, en el Instituto de Formación Toribio Maya con jóvenes que se encontraban privados de la libertad y que al momento de ser entrevistados hubiesen estado allí más de una vez. Para ello, se empleó una metodología cualitativa, desde el método de la teoría fundamentada, aspecto que permitió el abordaje desde lo cotidiano, entendiendo así sus posturas y particularidades para que, en conjunto con la teoría formal, pudiese develar que el fenómeno abordado es más complejo de lo imaginado.

This article gives an account of the reflection on family dynamics as a factor associated with juvenile recidivism of criminal behaviours, product of the research conducted in the city of Popayan Cauca, in the Toribio Maya Training Institute with young people who were deprived of liberty and who at the time of being interviewed had been there more than once. For this, a qualitative methodology was used, from the grounded theory method aspect that allowed the approach from the everyday, thus understanding their positions and particularities so that in conjunction with the formal theory could unveil how the phenomenon addressed is more complex than imagined.

Endozoochory of Chrysobalanus icaco (Cocoplum) by Gopherus polyphemus (Gopher Tortoise) facilitates rapid germination and colonization in a suburban nature preserve.

Some large-seeded plants lack effective seed dispersal agents when they are introduced as ornamental plants to new areas, but can rapidly colonize a landscape if seed dispersal functions are restored. We examined whether Gopherus polyphemus (Gopher Tortoise) facilitated the spread of Chrysobalanus icaco (Cocoplum; Chrysobalanaceae) over a 14-year period in a suburban nature preserve (in Jupiter, FL, USA) by: (i) comparing germination patterns among gut-passed, hand-depulped and whole fruit treatments, and (ii) testing hypotheses about environmental predictors of the spatial distribution of C. icaco, including information about G. polyphemus movement pathways and burrow locations. While we did not find a significant difference in the total proportion of C. icaco seeds that germinated in each treatment, time to event analysis revealed that seeds that were found in faeces germinated significantly earlier than seeds that were hand-depulped or that were planted as whole fruits, supporting a lone scarification effect. Point process modeling revealed that the density of C. icaco bushes was higher near G. polyphemus movement pathways and was lower inside Serenoa repens (Saw Palmetto) patches, supporting a positive effect of tortoise movement patterns on plant distributions. The density of C. icaco increased from west to east, consistent with westward dispersal from the four founder bushes on the east side of the study area. After removal of outliers, we also detected a negative association between C. icaco spatial density and G. polyphemus burrow density that was presumably explained by the fact that seeds defecated deep within burrows were unlikely to germinate and establish without secondary movement. The results suggest that G. polyphemus contributed to the rapid dispersal of C. icaco by scatter dispersal of seeds (via faeces) in areas where tortoises were active and that movement pathways provided suitable conditions for colonization. The spread of C. icaco by G. polyphemus over a relatively short period of time provides a valuable window into the earliest stages of the colonization process and further supports the role of Chelonians as effective seed dispersal agents for large-seeded plants.

[Simultaneous organ angioembolization in nonoperative treatment strategy of blunt abdominal trauma] / Angioembolización simultánea de órganos en la estrategia de tratamiento no operatorio en trauma cerrado de abdomen.

Background: nonoperative treatment (TNO) is suggested in blunt abdominal trauma in stable patients without necessarily addressing surgical trauma injuries. Among the tools used, it has highlighted the angioembolization as a method of stopping bleeding or potentially bleeding lesions. The existence of more than one lesion may be possible to treat this way. Objectives: to show the experience of a hospital emergency department in the use of angioembolization in nonoperative management of more than one injured abdominal organ. Demonstrate utility of simultaneous angioembolization of more than one vascular territory or organ in the management of patients with blunt abdominal trauma who start a nonoperative treatmeant. Design: Retrospective observational study Methods: Between 2007 and 2014, patients with blunt abdominal trauma and active hemorrhage or potentially bleeding lesions demonstrated by computed tomography (CT) were evaluated. Those who underwent nonoperative treatment and embolized were included. Of these, those with more than one organ or vascular territory embolized were described. Results: 392 patients were admitted with blunt abdominal trauma. Of these, 281 (72 %) started TNO protocol. 225 with active bleeding on CT were found. 183 patients (80 %) underwent angiography and 166 need embolization. In 7 cases embolization of more than one organ or vascular territory was performed. Conclusion: angioembolization of organ with active bleeding is definitely accepted practice in trauma centers. The opportunity and need for more than one organ embolization or vascular territory is scarce, but it is doable when adjusted to existing protocols, respecting especially hemodynamic stability Objectives: to show the experience of a hospital emergency department in the use of angioembolization in nonoperative management of more than one injured abdominal organ. Demonstrate utility of simultaneous angioembolization of more than one vascular territory or organ in the management of patients with blunt abdominal trauma who start a nonoperative treatmeant. Design: Retrospective observational study Methods: Between 2007 and 2014, patients with blunt abdominal trauma and active hemorrhage or potentially bleeding lesions demonstrated by computed tomography (CT) were evaluated. Those who underwent nonoperative treatment and embolized were included. Of these, those with more than one organ or vascular territory embolized were described. Results: 392 patients were admitted with blunt abdominal trauma. Of these, 281 (72 %) started TNO protocol. 225 with active bleeding on CT were found. 183 patients (80 %) underwent angiography and 166 need embolization. In 7 cases embolization of more than one organ or vascular territory was performed. Conclusion: angioembolization of organ with active bleeding is definitely accepted practice in trauma centers. The opportunity and need for more than one organ embolization or vascular territory is scarce, but it is doable when adjusted to existing protocols, respecting especially hemodynamic stability Design: Retrospective observational study Methods: Between 2007 and 2014, patients with blunt abdominal trauma and active hemorrhage or potentially bleeding lesions demonstrated by computed tomography (CT) were evaluated. Those who underwent nonoperative treatment and embolized were included. Of these, those with more than one organ or vascular territory embolized were described. Results: 392 patients were admitted with blunt abdominal trauma. Of these, 281 (72 %) started TNO protocol. 225 with active bleeding on CT were found. 183 patients (80 %) underwent angiography and 166 need embolization. In 7 cases embolization of more than one organ or vascular territory was performed. Conclusion: angioembolization of organ with active bleeding is definitely accepted practice in trauma centers. The opportunity and need for more than one organ embolization or vascular territory is scarce, but it is doable when adjusted to existing protocols, respecting especially hemodynamic stability Methods: Between 2007 and 2014, patients with blunt abdominal trauma and active hemorrhage or potentially bleeding lesions demonstrated by computed tomography (CT) were evaluated. Those who underwent nonoperative treatment and embolized were included. Of these, those with more than one organ or vascular territory embolized were described. Results: 392 patients were admitted with blunt abdominal trauma. Of these, 281 (72 %) started TNO protocol. 225 with active bleeding on CT were found. 183 patients (80 %) underwent angiography and 166 need embolization. In 7 cases embolization of more than one organ or vascular territory was performed. Conclusion: angioembolization of organ with active bleeding is definitely accepted practice in trauma centers. The opportunity and need for more than one organ embolization or vascular territory is scarce, but it is doable when adjusted to existing protocols, respecting especially hemodynamic stability Results: 392 patients were admitted with blunt abdominal trauma. Of these, 281 (72 %) started TNO protocol. 225 with active bleeding on CT were found. 183 patients (80 %) underwent angiography and 166 need embolization. In 7 cases embolization of more than one organ or vascular territory was performed. Conclusion: angioembolization of organ with active bleeding is definitely accepted practice in trauma centers. The opportunity and need for more than one organ embolization or vascular territory is scarce, but it is doable when adjusted to existing protocols, respecting especially hemodynamic stability

Antecedentes: el tratamiento no operatorio (TNO) es el abordaje sugerido en el trauma cerrado de abdomen en pacientes estables sin lesiones necesariamente quirúrgicas.Entre las herramientas utilizadas, se ha destacado la angioembolizacion como método de detención de la hemorragia o en lesiones potencialmente sangrantes. La existencia de más de una lesión podría ser factible de tratar por esta vía. Objetivos: mostrar la experiencia de un hospital de urgencias en la utilización de angioembolización en el tratamiento no operatorio de más de un órgano abdominal lesionado.Diseño: estudio retrospectivo observacional.Material y métodos: entre 2007 y 2014 se evaluaron pacientes con trauma abdominal cerrado y lesiones hemorrágicas o potencialmente sangrantes demostradas por tomografía computada (TC). Se incluyeron aquellos que ingresaron a TNO y fueron angioembolizados. De estos, se describieron aquellos con más de un órgano o territorio vascular embolizado.Resultados: ingresaron 392 pacientes con trauma abdominal cerrado, de los cuales 281 (72%) iniciaron protocolo de TNO. Se encontraron 225 hemorragias activas en la TC y 183 pacientes (80%) fueron sometidos a angiografía, y embolizados 166 pacientes. En 7 casos se realizó embolización de más de un órgano o territorio vascular.Conclusión: la angioembolización de órganos con sangrado activo es una práctica definitivamente aceptada en centros de trauma. La oportunidad y necesidad de embolizar más de un órgano o territorio vascular es escasa, pero es factible cuando se ajusta a los lineamientos existentes, respetando sobre todo la estabilidad hemodinámica. Diseño: estudio retrospectivo observacional.Material y métodos: entre 2007 y 2014 se evaluaron pacientes con trauma abdominal cerrado y lesiones hemorrágicas o potencialmente sangrantes demostradas por tomografía computada (TC). Se incluyeron aquellos que ingresaron a TNO y fueron angioembolizados. De estos, se describieron aquellos con más de un órgano o territorio vascular embolizado.Resultados: ingresaron 392 pacientes con trauma abdominal cerrado, de los cuales 281 (72%) iniciaron protocolo de TNO. Se encontraron 225 hemorragias activas en la TC y 183 pacientes (80%) fueron sometidos a angiografía, y embolizados 166 pacientes. En 7 casos se realizó embolización de más de un órgano o territorio vascular.Conclusión: la angioembolización de órganos con sangrado activo es una práctica definitivamente aceptada en centros de trauma. La oportunidad y necesidad de embolizar más de un órgano o territorio vascular es escasa, pero es factible cuando se ajusta a los lineamientos existentes, respetando sobre todo la estabilidad hemodinámica. Material y métodos: entre 2007 y 2014 se evaluaron pacientes con trauma abdominal cerrado y lesiones hemorrágicas o potencialmente sangrantes demostradas por tomografía computada (TC). Se incluyeron aquellos que ingresaron a TNO y fueron angioembolizados. De estos, se describieron aquellos con más de un órgano o territorio vascular embolizado.Resultados: ingresaron 392 pacientes con trauma abdominal cerrado, de los cuales 281 (72%) iniciaron protocolo de TNO. Se encontraron 225 hemorragias activas en la TC y 183 pacientes (80%) fueron sometidos a angiografía, y embolizados 166 pacientes. En 7 casos se realizó embolización de más de un órgano o territorio vascular.Conclusión: la angioembolización de órganos con sangrado activo es una práctica definitivamente aceptada en centros de trauma. La oportunidad y necesidad de embolizar más de un órgano o territorio vascular es escasa, pero es factible cuando se ajusta a los lineamientos existentes, respetando sobre todo la estabilidad hemodinámica. Resultados: ingresaron 392 pacientes con trauma abdominal cerrado, de los cuales 281 (72%) iniciaron protocolo de TNO. Se encontraron 225 hemorragias activas en la TC y 183 pacientes (80%) fueron sometidos a angiografía, y embolizados 166 pacientes. En 7 casos se realizó embolización de más de un órgano o territorio vascular.Conclusión: la angioembolización de órganos con sangrado activo es una práctica definitivamente aceptada en centros de trauma. La oportunidad y necesidad de embolizar más de un órgano o territorio vascular es escasa, pero es factible cuando se ajusta a los lineamientos existentes, respetando sobre todo la estabilidad hemodinámica. Conclusión: la angioembolización de órganos con sangrado activo es una práctica definitivamente aceptada en centros de trauma. La oportunidad y necesidad de embolizar más de un órgano o territorio vascular es escasa, pero es factible cuando se ajusta a los lineamientos existentes, respetando sobre todo la estabilidad hemodinámica.

Valvulopatía mitral: la importancia de la intervención oportuna / Mitral valvulopathy: the importance of early intervention

La regurgitación mitral es la segunda enfermedad valvular que requiere cirugía en Europa (la primera es la estenosis aórtica), con buenos resultados si se elige el momento adecuado y se realiza en centros de experticia. En términos generales, los resultados con reparación de la válvula son mejores que los de reemplazo valvular; la mortalidad luego de cirugía es de alrededor del 2% cuando se hace reparación de la válvula sin revascularización miocárdica, y del orden del 4% al 8% cuando se hace reemplazo valvular aislado (1). La mortalidad varía de manera significativa entre diferentes estudios. En un estudio retrospectivo de 575 centros de Norte América, el volumen de intervenciones del hospital se relacionó con mayor número de procedimientos de reparación de la válvula y con menor mortalidad ajustada (2). En este número de la revista, Ríos y Correa presentan los resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico de la enfermedad valvular mitral en su institución, en un lapso un poco mayor a cuatro años. Del total de enfermos atendidos, las tres cuartas partes correspondieron a pacientes con regurgitación mitral. En este grupo de pacientes, la mortalidad global fue del 30%, la mayoría de ellas en el primer mes, cifra elevada comparada con otras descripciones en la literatura (en el análisis de un grupo grande de pacientes sometidos a cirugía valvular entre los años 1993 a 2007 en Norteamérica, la mortalidad general promedio por cirugía valvular mitral fue de 6,9%, habiendo disminuido de 8,3% en los primeros cuatro años a 5,8% en los últimos cuatro) (3). En el estudio no se indica el número de pacientes excluidos del análisis, y se desconoce si el haberlos incluido hubiera cambiado en algo la distribución de valvulopatías y los resultados. De acuerdo con las tablas de distribución por diagnóstico, varios pacientes presentaban múltiples diagnósticos. Aunque la tabla de distribución de la mortalidad (tabla 7) es difícil de interpretar pues parece agrupar individuos con varios diagnósticos, el mayor número de pacientes fallecidos corresponde también a la regurgitación mitral, aunque si se observan los porcentajes, la mortalidad de enfermos con regurgitación mitral y estenosis mitral está alrededor de 30% para ambos grupos. Como era de esperarse, los hallazgos de disfunción ventricular y dilatación auricular izquierda (indicios de cronicidad y severidad de la enfermedad valvular) se asociaron con mayor mortalidad (aunque en este estudio no fue un factor pronóstico claro). En la distribución de pacientes de acuerdo con el tipo de procedimiento (tabla 3), llama la atención el bajo número de plastias valvulares realizado, y al parecer todas ellas acompañando el procedimiento de revascularización miocárdica, sugestivo, tal vez, de una etiología isquémica para la insuficiencia de la válvula; no parece haber habido ningún caso de plastia valvular mitral aislada. La mejoría clínica, manifestada como un cambio en el estado funcional (pasar de una clase funcional NYHA alta a una menor) concuerda con lo esperado en los sobrevivientes.

Biogeography in a continental island: population structure of the relict endemic centipede Craterostigmus tasmanianus (Chilopoda, Craterostigmomorpha) in Tasmania using 16S rRNA and COI.

We used 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequence data to investigate the population structure in the centipede Craterostigmus tasmanianus Pocock, 1902 (Chilopoda: Craterostigmomorpha: Craterostigmidae) and to look for possible barriers to gene flow on the island of Tasmania, where C. tasmanianus is a widespread endemic. We first confirmed a molecular diagnostic character in 28S rRNA separating Tasmanian Craterostigmus from its sister species Craterostigmus crabilli (Edgecombe and Giribet 2008) in New Zealand and found no shared polymorphism in this marker for the 2 species. In Tasmania, analysis of molecular variance analysis showed little variation at the 16S rRNA and COI loci within populations (6% and 13%, respectively), but substantial variation (56% and 48%, respectively) among populations divided geographically into groups. We found no clear evidence of isolation by distance using a Mantel test. Bayesian clustering and gene network analysis both group the C. tasmanianus populations in patterns which are broadly concordant with previously known biogeographical divisions within Tasmania, but we did not find that genetic distance varied in a simple way across cluster boundaries. The coarse-scale geographical sampling on which this study was based should be followed in the future by sampling at a finer spatial scale and to investigate genetic structure within clusters and across cluster boundaries.

Cierre primario en el trauma penetrante de cólon / Primary closure in penetrating colon trauma

Introducción: Los traumatismos penetrantes de colon son originados por violencia ciudadana en más del 95% de los casos. Entre las opciones de tratamiento se encuentran la colostomía o, más recientemente, el cierre primario de la herida. La colostomía implica trastornos psico-sociales y laborales para el paciente así como la necesidad de una segunda intervención para reconstruir el tránsito intestinal. Objetivos: 1. Evaluar el cierre primario como alternativa a la colostomía en las heridas penetrantes de colon. 2. Elaborar un algoritmo terapéutico para este procedimiento.

SUMMARY: Introduction: More than 95 % of penetrating colon wounds have their origin in civil violence. Between the options of treatment there is the accomplishment of a colostomy or, a more recient procedure, the primary repair. Colostomy implies psico-social and labor disorers for the patient as well as the need of a second intervention to reverse the intestinal tract. Objectives: 1. to evaluate the primary repair as an aternative to colostomy in penetrating colon wounds. 2. to elaborate a therapeutic algorithm for this procedure.

Cierre primario en el trauma penetrante de cólon / Primary closure in penetrating colon trauma

Introducción: Los traumatismos penetrantes de colon son originados por violencia ciudadana en más del 95% de los casos. Entre las opciones de tratamiento se encuentran la colostomía o, más recientemente, el cierre primario de la herida. La colostomía implica trastornos psico-sociales y laborales para el paciente así como la necesidad de una segunda intervención para reconstruir el tránsito intestinal. Objetivos: 1. Evaluar el cierre primario como alternativa a la colostomía en las heridas penetrantes de colon. 2. Elaborar un algoritmo terapéutico para este procedimiento.(AU)

SUMMARY: Introduction: More than 95 % of penetrating colon wounds have their origin in civil violence. Between the options of treatment there is the accomplishment of a colostomy or, a more recient procedure, the primary repair. Colostomy implies psico-social and labor disorers for the patient as well as the need of a second intervention to reverse the intestinal tract. Objectives: 1. to evaluate the primary repair as an aternative to colostomy in penetrating colon wounds. 2. to elaborate a therapeutic algorithm for this procedure.(AU)

Intergenic exchange, geographic isolation, and the evolution of bioluminescent color for Pyrophorus click beetles.

Gene duplication is an evolutionary process in which the emergent property of the whole can become greater and different than the sum of its parts. One potential outcome for gene duplication is for loci to evolve different, yet related functions. In this case, intergenic exchange can shuffle blocks of differentiated nucleotides between paralogues to create new alleles and phenotypes rather than simply homogenize loci. Bioluminescent click beetles in the genus Pyrophorus (Coleoptera: Elateridae) provide an opportunity to explore the creative potential of intergenic exchange for gene family evolution. Pyrophorus beetles bioluminesce different light colors from a pair of dorsal light organs and a ventral light organ. The light organs are under the separate genetic control of dorsal and ventral luciferase loci. Here, we report that intergenic exchange is common between dorsal and ventral loci for beetles from Jamaica (P. plagiophthalamus), the Dominican Republic (P. mellifluous), Belize (P. luscus), and Trinidad (P. noctilucus). We also present evidence that periods of past geographic isolation for beetles on Jamaica, probably acting in concert with selection, built differentiated blocks of substitutions within dorsal and ventral P. plagiophthalamus luciferase loci. Gene flow and intergenic exchange subsequently shuffled these substitutions between dorsal and ventral loci to produce new color phenotypes on Jamaica, including a yellow-green polymorphism. We discuss the possibility of a previously unrecognized emergent evolutionary property of intergenic exchange for luciferase involving cycles of bioluminescent color change related to differences in selective constrains acting on dorsal versus ventral loci. We also explore whether intergenic exchange may commonly create novel variation and the potential for cyclic evolution in other multigene family systems.

Hawthorn-infesting populations of Rhagoletis pomonella in Mexico and speciation mode plurality.

Categorizing speciation into dichotomous allopatric versus nonallopatric modes may not always adequately describe the geographic context of divergence for taxa. If some of the genetic changes generating inherent barriers to gene flow between populations evolved in geographic isolation, whereas others arose in sympatry, then the mode of divergence would be mixed. The apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella, has contributed to this emerging concept of a mixed speciation mode "plurality." Genetic studies have implied that a source of diapause life-history variation associated with inversions and contributing to sympatric host race formation and speciation for R. pomonella in the United States may have introgressed from the Eje Volcanico Trans Mexicano (EVTM; a.k.a. the Altiplano) in the past. A critical unresolved issue concerning the introgression hypothesis is how past gene flow occurred given the current 1200-km disjunction in the ranges of hawthorn-infesting flies in the EVTM region of Mexico and the southern extreme of the U.S. population in Texas. Here, we report the discovery of a hawthorn-infesting population of R. pomonella in the Sierra Madre Oriental Mountains (SMO) of Mexico. Sequence data from 15 nuclear loci and mitochondrial DNA imply that the SMO flies are related to, but still different from, U.S. and EVTM flies. The host affiliations, diapause characteristics, and phylogeography of the SMO population are consistent with it having served as a conduit for gene flow between Mexico and the United States. We also present evidence suggesting greater permeability of collinear versus rearranged regions of the genome to introgression, in accord with recent models of chromosomal speciation. We discuss the implications of the results in the context of speciation mode plurality. We do not argue for abandoning the terms sympatry or allopatry, but caution that categorizing divergence into either/or geographic modes may not describe the genetic origins of all species. For R. pomonella in the United States, the proximate selection pressures triggering race formation and speciation stem from sympatric host shifts. However, some of the phenological variation contributing to host-related ecological adaptation and reproductive isolation in sympatry at the present time appears to have an older history, having originated and become packaged into inversion polymorphism in allopatry.

Integrating biogeographic and genetic approaches to investigate the history of bioluminescent colour alleles in the Jamaican click beetle, Pyrophorus plagiophthalamus.

Bioluminescent colour in the Jamaican click beetle, Pyrophorus plagiophthalamus, is an ideal system for studies moving from gene to landscape to gain a holistic understanding of the molecular, ecological, and historical bases for adaptation. Previous studies have established the genetics of bioluminescent colour variation in the beetle to the level of the nucleotide base pair in the target gene luciferase. Three different luciferase colour alleles affecting ventral light organ colour [yellow-green (vYG), yellow (vYE), and orange (vOR)] were found segregating in P. plagiophthalamus populations. These alleles differ from each other in a number of replacement mutations (14 total), the majority of which (11) have a measurable effect on colour. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a long-term adaptive trend on Jamaica towards longer wavelength bioluminescence, culminating in the most recently derived vOR allele. Here, we further investigate the historical and geographic context of adaptive colour evolution by testing a vicariance model for the origins of the extant ventral light organ polymorphism: that the vOR allele arose and differentiated in an isolated deme on the east side of Jamaica before spreading westward. Comparisons of colour phenotypes, luciferase coding sequences, the third intron of the gene, mtDNA, and microsatellite data provided evidence for past population subdivision on Jamaica and ongoing gene flow, as has been found for other island endemics. However, the pattern of differentiation supported the allopatric divergence of vYG and vYE alleles. The vOR gene appears to have arisen relatively recently from a vYE precursor and postdates the period of major biogeographic isolation. We discuss the implications of the results for discerning ecological causation in the adaptive sequence from nucleotide to landscape to population change for bioluminescent colour.

[Utility of digital thoracotomy in chest trauma]. / Utilidad de la toracotomía digital en el traumatismo de tórax.

BACKGROUND: toracostomy in thoracic trauma is a good opportunity for the digital exploration of pleural cavity. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the utility of digital exploration during chest tube insertion in thoracic trauma. SETTING: Hospital de Urgencias. Córdoba. PATIENTS AND METHODS: patients with blunt and penetrating chest trauma by stab wound, who need chest tube insertion and treated by only one surgeon, were evaluated from July 10 to December 31st 2000. Previously to the thoracostomy with 24 french tube in 5th intercostal space, at the affected side, a digital exploration of pleural cavity was done, attempting to find intrathoracic injuries. RESULTS: in a six months period, 36 thoracostomy tubes were placed, due thoracic trauma (11 blunt trauma and 25 penetrating, by stab wound). Three patients had positive findings in the digital exploration, which forced to do another diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. CONCLUSIONS: digital thoracotomy is not considered a formal procedure, but as a part of a technique, in which, the previous exploration with the finger before chest tube insertion, allows to reach a diagnosis of the pleural space situation, to confirm suspicions, to modify a conduct, and to avoid greater morbidity to patients.

Utilidad de la toracotomìa digital en el traumatismo de tórax / Utility of digital thoracotomy in chest trauma

Antecedentes: la toracostomÍa para el drenaje pleural en el trauma de tórax es una inmejorable oportunidad para la exploración digital de la cavidad. Objetivos: evaluar la utilidad de la exploración digital en oportunidad del avenamiento pleural en trauma torácico. Lugar de realización: Hospital de Urgencias de Córdoba. Diseño: estudio prospectivo. Pacientes y métodos: se evaluaron los pacientes con trauma cerrado o penetrante de tórax por herida de arma blanca con indicación de avenamiento pleural y que fueron asistidos por un solo operador, entre ello de julio hasta el30 de diciembre de 2000. Previo a la toracostomía con tubo de 24 french al nivel del 5to espacio intercostal del lado afectado, se efectuó la exploración digital, intentando ubicar lesiones en la cavidad pleural. Resultados: se realizaron en el periodo de 6 meses 36 avenamientos pleurales, 11 por traumatismo cerrado de tórax y 25 por herida de arma blanca. Tres pacientes tuvieron hallazgos positivos en la exploración digital lo que motivo a realizar nuevos procedimientos diagnósticos o terapéuticos. Conclusión: La toracostomía digital no es considerada habitualmente como una operación formal, sino parte de una técnica, en la cual, la inserción del dedo previo a la colocación del tubo de toracostomÍa, nos permite acceder a un diagnóstico de situación en el espacio pleural, confirmar una sospecha, modificar la conducta a seguir y evitar mayor morbilidad para el paciente.

Background: thoracostomy in thoracic trauma is a good opportunity for the digital exploration of pleural cavity. Objectives: To evaluate the utility of digital exploration during chest tube insertion in thoracic trauma. Setting: Hospital de Urgencias. Córdoba. Patients and methods: patients with blunt and penetrating chest trauma by stab wound, who need chest tube insertion and treated by only one surgeon, were evaluated from July 10 to December 31st 2000. Previously to the thoracostomy with 24 French tube in 5th intercostals space, at the affected side, a digital exploration of pleural cavity was done, attempting to find intrathoracic injuries. Results: in a six months period, 36 thoracostomy tubes were placed, due thoracic trauma (11 blunt trauma and 25 penetrating. by stab wound). Three patients had positive findings in the digital exploration, which forced to do another diagnostic or therapeutic procedures...

Utilidad de la toracotomýa digital en el traumatismo de tórax / Utility of digital thoracotomy in chest trauma

Antecedentes: la toracostomIa para el drenaje pleural en el trauma de tórax es una inmejorable oportunidad para la exploración digital de la cavidad. Objetivos: evaluar la utilidad de la exploración digital en oportunidad del avenamiento pleural en trauma torácico. Lugar de realización: Hospital de Urgencias de Córdoba. Diseño: estudio prospectivo. Pacientes y métodos: se evaluaron los pacientes con trauma cerrado o penetrante de tórax por herida de arma blanca con indicación de avenamiento pleural y que fueron asistidos por un solo operador, entre ello de julio hasta el30 de diciembre de 2000. Previo a la toracostomía con tubo de 24 french al nivel del 5to espacio intercostal del lado afectado, se efectuó la exploración digital, intentando ubicar lesiones en la cavidad pleural. Resultados: se realizaron en el periodo de 6 meses 36 avenamientos pleurales, 11 por traumatismo cerrado de tórax y 25 por herida de arma blanca. Tres pacientes tuvieron hallazgos positivos en la exploración digital lo que motivo a realizar nuevos procedimientos diagnósticos o terapéuticos. Conclusión: La toracostomía digital no es considerada habitualmente como una operación formal, sino parte de una técnica, en la cual, la inserción del dedo previo a la colocación del tubo de toracostomIa, nos permite acceder a un diagnóstico de situación en el espacio pleural, confirmar una sospecha, modificar la conducta a seguir y evitar mayor morbilidad para el paciente.(AU)

Background: thoracostomy in thoracic trauma is a good opportunity for the digital exploration of pleural cavity. Objectives: To evaluate the utility of digital exploration during chest tube insertion in thoracic trauma. Setting: Hospital de Urgencias. Córdoba. Patients and methods: patients with blunt and penetrating chest trauma by stab wound, who need chest tube insertion and treated by only one surgeon, were evaluated from July 10 to December 31st 2000. Previously to the thoracostomy with 24 French tube in 5th intercostals space, at the affected side, a digital exploration of pleural cavity was done, attempting to find intrathoracic injuries. Results: in a six months period, 36 thoracostomy tubes were placed, due thoracic trauma (11 blunt trauma and 25 penetrating. by stab wound). Three patients had positive findings in the digital exploration, which forced to do another diagnostic or therapeutic procedures...(AU)

Mayr, Dobzhansky, and Bush and the complexities of sympatric speciation in Rhagoletis.

The Rhagoletis pomonella sibling species complex is a model for sympatric speciation by means of host plant shifting. However, genetic variation aiding the sympatric radiation of the group in the United States may have geographic roots. Inversions on chromosomes 1-3 affecting diapause traits adapting flies to differences in host fruiting phenology appear to exist in the United States because of a series of secondary introgression events from Mexico. Here, we investigate whether these inverted regions of the genome may have subsequently evolved to become more recalcitrant to introgression relative to collinear regions, consistent with new models for chromosomal speciation. As predicted by the models, gene trees for six nuclear loci mapping to chromosomes other than 1-3 tended to have shallower node depths separating Mexican and U.S. haplotypes relative to an outgroup sequence than nine genes residing on chromosomes 1-3. We discuss the implications of secondary contact and differential introgression with respect to sympatric host race formation and speciation in Rhagoletis, reconciling some of the seemingly dichotomous views of Mayr, Dobzhansky, and Bush concerning modes of divergence.

[Abdominal wall endometriosis: case report]. / Endometriosis de pared abdominal: presentación de un caso.

Endometriosis is defined as the presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside uterus. This ectopic finding occur in the abdominal wall among 0,03% to 1% of women with prior gynecologic surgery, particularly after cesarean section. Most frequently, endometriosis is present as a palpable mass, painfull during menstrual period, near surgical scar. It could mimic other pathologies such as hematomas, granulomas, inicisional hernias, abscesses and tumors. We report the case of a 35 years old woman with a painful mass during menstruation nearly cesarean scar. The tumor was completely removed and a polipropylen mesh was placed to repair the abdominal wall defect. It was identified as endometriosis in the anatomo-patologic examination.

Endometriosis de pared abdominal: presentacion de un caso / Abdominal wall endometriosis: case report

La endometriosis se define como la presencia de glándulas y estroma endometriales fuera del útero. Este hallazgo ectópico se presenta en la pared abdominal entre el 0,03 por ciento al 1 por ciento de las mujeres en edad fértil con antecedentes de cirugía ginecológica, especialmente luego de una operación cesárea. La presentación habitual es de un tumor próximo a una cicatriz quirúrgica, con dolor cíclico relacionado con el periodo menstrual. Puede simular otras patologías como hematomas, granulomas, abscesos, hernias de la herida y tumores. Se describe el caso de una mujer de 35 años con una masa tumoral próxima a una cicatriz de operación cesárea, dolorosa durante la menstruación. La lesión fue extirpada completamente y el defecto de la pared abdominal fue reparado con malla de polipropyleno. En el estudio anatomopatológico diferido fue identificada como endometriosis.

Endometriosis de pared abdominal: presentacion de un caso / Abdominal wall endometriosis: case report

La endometriosis se define como la presencia de glándulas y estroma endometriales fuera del útero. Este hallazgo ectópico se presenta en la pared abdominal entre el 0,03 por ciento al 1 por ciento de las mujeres en edad fértil con antecedentes de cirugía ginecológica, especialmente luego de una operación cesárea. La presentación habitual es de un tumor próximo a una cicatriz quirúrgica, con dolor cíclico relacionado con el periodo menstrual. Puede simular otras patologías como hematomas, granulomas, abscesos, hernias de la herida y tumores. Se describe el caso de una mujer de 35 años con una masa tumoral próxima a una cicatriz de operación cesárea, dolorosa durante la menstruación. La lesión fue extirpada completamente y el defecto de la pared abdominal fue reparado con malla de polipropyleno. En el estudio anatomopatológico diferido fue identificada como endometriosis. (AU)