ABSTRACT
Children are considered fully immunized if they receive one dose of BCG, three doses of DPT and polio vaccine each, and one measles vaccine. In India, only 44% of children aged 12-23 months are fully vaccinated and about 5% have not received any vaccination at all. Even if national immunization coverage levels are sufficiently high to block disease transmission, pockets of susceptibility may act as potential reservoirs of infection. This study was done to assess the immunization coverage in an urban slum area and determine various sociodemographic variables affecting the same. A total of 210 children were selected from study population using WHO's 30 cluster sampling method. Coverage of BCG was found to be the highest (97.1%) while that of measles was the lowest. The main reason for noncompliance was given as child's illness at the time of scheduled vaccination followed by lack of knowledge regarding importance of immunization. Low education status of mother, high birth order, and place of delivery were found to be positively associated with low vaccination coverage. Regular IEC activities (group talks, role plays, posters, pamphlets, and competitions) should be conducted in the community to ensure that immunization will become a "felt need" of the mothers in the community.
Subject(s)
Communicable Disease Control/standards , HIV Infections/epidemiology , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Communicable Disease Control/trends , Female , Humans , India/epidemiology , Male , Prevalence , Risk Assessment , Survival RateSubject(s)
Conjunctiva/pathology , Mass Screening/methods , Vitamin A Deficiency/diagnosis , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , India , Infant , Male , Ophthalmology/methods , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
This is an analysis of 42 adult patients with 97 episodes of thrombophlebitis following 167 venepunctures. Almost all commonly used fluids had contributed to the development of thrombophlebitis. The observations showed significantly higher chances of development of thrombophlebitis with the quantity of fluids more than 2500 ml. (chi 2 = 15.50, P less than 0.001), autoclaved containers (chi 2 = 5.5, P less than 0.05) use of rubber tubing for infusion set (chi 2 = 4.7, P less than 0.05) and infusion rate more than 20 drops per minute (chi 2 = 15.25. P less than 0.001). Average time interval between beginning of IV infusion and development of thrombophlebitis was found to be 18 hours and average extent of thrombophlebitis was 7 cm. The commonest micro-organism isolated from needles was Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
