ABSTRACT
This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Background A three-year post-graduate international Doctorate in Pharmacy collaborative course, was launched by the Department of Pharmacy, University of Malta in collaboration with the College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago. Aim and rationale To demonstrate that the professional Doctorate in Pharmacy (i) fits the requirements of a Level 8 degree according to the Bologna process, (ii) helps graduates develop competencies and attributes in proficiency in clinical and professional aspects, (iii) has a research component that provides the right level of abilities to participate in research initiatives and to interpret research outcomes, (iv) enables graduates to obtain leadership characteristics. Approach The unique characteristics of the course were evaluated through an outcomes result-oriented measurement. Leadership aspects were measured through policies and strategies presented by students and graduates. Outcomes i) course is in line with the Bologna declaration, ii) research work shown in the dissertation satisfied competencies required iii) research abilities have been examined through a third party and found to be compliant with acquiring of concepts in the design, carrying out, assessment of outcomes and interpretation of results of the research study carried out by each student, and iv) leadership characteristics were shown by the positions taken up by the graduates and early outcomes from these positions. Conclusion Learning activities enable development of professionals able to merge scientific and practice aspects in the evaluation of innovative therapies, the use of medicines and patient monitoring, and in pharmaceutical policy development and regulation. Leadership positions taken up by graduates point to the acquisition of leadership skills by graduates. Next Steps The authors are happy to extend collaboration for this model to be adapted by other institutions for the curricular development entailed in this programme to enhance and improve an innovative aspect in the evolvement of the pharmacy profession on the international scenario.
ABSTRACT
The aims of this study were to evaluate factors influencing the distribution of ciprofloxacin in tissue of patients suffering from varying degrees of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Blood and tissue samples were collected from patients undergoing debridement or amputation procedures and the amount of ciprofloxacin in them was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. All patients were administered a 200-mg dose of intravenous ciprofloxacin prior to the debridement or amputation procedure. Data, including patient gender, age, type of diabetes, presence of neuropathy, medications taken, and severity of PAD were collected. These data were then analyzed to determine factors influencing the concentrations of ciprofloxacin in tissue of the lower limbs. The Kruskal-Wallis test, Spearman correlation, and chi-square test were used to relate covariates and fixed factors with the concentration of ciprofloxacin in tissue. Following bivariate analysis, a 3-predictor regression model was fitted to predict tissue concentrations of ciprofloxacin given information about these predictors. Blood and tissue samples were collected from 50 patients having an average age of 68 years. Thirty-three patients were males and 35 patients suffered from type 2 diabetes. The average number of medications that these patients were taking was 10. The majority of patients (n = 35) were suffering from severe PAD. Tissue concentrations of ciprofloxacin were mainly related to plasma concentrations of ciprofloxacin, number of medications that the patients were taking and severity of PAD.
Subject(s)
Ciprofloxacin , Leg Ulcer , Peripheral Arterial Disease/complications , Aged , Amputation, Surgical/methods , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacokinetics , Chromatography, Liquid/methods , Ciprofloxacin/administration & dosage , Ciprofloxacin/pharmacokinetics , Debridement/methods , Female , Humans , Ischemia/metabolism , Ischemia/pathology , Leg Ulcer/etiology , Leg Ulcer/metabolism , Leg Ulcer/pathology , Leg Ulcer/therapy , Lower Extremity , Male , Peripheral Arterial Disease/diagnosis , Preoperative Care/methods , Severity of Illness Index , Tissue DistributionABSTRACT
A rapid and sensitive HPLC-UV method for the determination of ciprofloxacin in human plasma is described. Protein precipitation with acetonitrile was used to separate the drug from plasma protein. An ACE(®) 5 C18 column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 µm) with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer (pH 2.7) and acetonitrile (77:23, v/v) was used for separation. The UV detector was set at 277 nm. The method was validated in the linear range of 0.05-8 µg/ml with acceptable inter- and intra-assay precision, accuracy and stability. The method is simple and rapid and can be used to quantify this widely used antibiotic in the plasma of patients suffering from Peripheral Arterial Disease.
