Gracilis Muscle Interposition for Rectourethral Fistula After Laparoscopic Prostatectomy: A Prospective Evaluation and Long-term Follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative rectourethral fistula after radical prostatectomy is an infrequent but very serious problem. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to describe our experience with transperineal repair and unilateral gracilis muscle interposition in patients with rectourethral fistula after radical prostatectomy in nonradiated prostate cancer. DESIGN: This was a cohort study. SETTINGS: All of the procedures were performed at the same hospital by the same multidisciplinary team made up of a senior colorectal surgeon and a senior urologist. PATIENTS: Patients with postoperative rectourethral fistula after laparoscopic prostatectomy were included. INTERVENTION: Transperineal fistula repair and gracilis muscle interposition were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Fistula healing rate was measured. RESULTS: Nine patients with postoperative rectourethral fistula were treated between November 2009 and February 2016. Four of them had received other previous treatments without success, and 5 had previously been treated with this technique. Seven patients had a fecal diverting stoma. After a median follow-up of 54 months (range, 2-72), all of the fistulas had successfully healed, and, to date, the patients remain asymptomatic without urinary diversion. Fecal diversion was closed in all but 1 patient. No intraoperative or infectious complications were detected. With the results of our series, we present specific technical details of our technique and hope to provide additional evidence of the low morbidity profile and excellent healing rate of this treatment. Moreover, we note that, although small, this series corresponds with a homogeneous group of patients with rectourethral fistula after radical prostatectomy in nonradiated prostate cancer. LIMITATIONS: This is a small but very homogeneous group of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Simple repair with perineal gracilis muscle interposition is a safe and effective technique for the treatment of postoperative rectourethral fistulas after nonradiated prostate cancer surgery.

Surgical treatment of lung cancer with synchronous adrenal metastases: Adrenalectomy first. / Tratamiento quirúrgico de metástasis suprarrenal sincrónica de cáncer de pulmón: adrenalectomía primero.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to present our patients with lung cancer and synchronous adrenal metastases treated with a reversal approach: starting with adrenalectomy and doing the lung resection second. METHODS: A total of 108 laparoscopic adrenalectomies were performed, and we analyze a consecutive serie of 10 patients with isolated adrenal synchronous metastases from the lung, surgically treated in a sequential way. All patients underwent staging mediastinoscopy, and patients with positive lymph nodes were primary treated with chemotherapy. We analyze: postoperative morbidity, length of stay, time between the 2surgeries, suvival free progression and global survival. Survival analysis was performed by the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Mean age: 56.8 (41-73) years old. Of the total, 8 patients were surgically performed by laparoscopy. Metastases average size: 5.9 (3-10) cm. Days between the 2surgeries were 28 (12-35) days. No morbidity after adrenalectomy. Length of stay was 4.3 (3-5) days. Disease-free survival at 2 years was 60%, the 5-year overall survival was 30%, with a median survival of 41.5 (0-98) months. CONCLUSIONS: Adrenalectomy involves no significant morbidity and can be performed safely without delaying lung surgery, and allows us to operate the primary lung tumor successfully as long as we ensure complete resection of the adrenal gland. A multidisciplinary oncology committee must individualize all cases and consider this therapeutic approach in all patients with resectable primary tumor and resectable adrenal metastases.

Tratamiento quirúrgico de metastasis suprarrenal sincrónica de cáncer de pulmón: adrenalectomía primero / Surgical treatment of lung cancer with synchronous adrenal metastases: adrenalectomy first

INTRODUCCIÓN: El objetivo de este estudio es presentar nuestra serie de pacientes con carcinoma pulmonar y metástasis única suprarrenal sincrónica tratados de manera secuencial inversa: primero adrenalectomía y después resección pulmonar. MÉTODOS: Del total de 108 adrenalectomías laparoscópicas transperitoneales realizadas se analiza de manera retrospectiva una serie consecutiva de 10 pacientes diagnosticados de tumor primario de pulmón con metástasis suprarrenal sincrónica tratados de manera secuencial inversa. A todos se les realizó mediastinoscopia de estadificación; aquellos con metástasis ganglionares recibieron inducción. Las variables analizadas fueron: morbilidad tras adrenalectomía y tras resección pulmonar, estancia hospitalaria, tiempo entre ambas intervenciones, intervalo libre de enfermedad y supervivencia global. La supervivencia se analizó según el método de Kaplan-Meier. RESULTADOS: Edad media: 56,8 años (rango: 41-73). Del total, 8 casos se intervinieron por laparoscopia. Tamaño medio de la metástasis: 5,9cm (rango: 3-10). Tiempo medio entre ambas intervenciones: 28 días (rango: 12-35). No hubo complicaciones tras la adrenalectomía. Estancia media: 4,3 días (rango: 3-5). La supervivencia libre de enfermedad a los 2años fue del 50% y la supervivencia global a los 5 años fue del 30%, con una supervivencia global mediana de 41,5 meses (rango: 0-98). CONCLUSIONES: La adrenalectomía para metástasis de carcinoma pulmonar tiene baja morbilidad, no retrasa la resección del tumor primario y permite realizar la resección pulmonar una vez asegurada la resección completa de la metástasis. Por tanto, a falta de ensayos clínicos, un comité multidisciplinar debe considerar de forma individualizada esta opción terapéutica para todos aquellos pacientes en quienes la estadificación clínica de su carcinoma indique que tanto el tumor primario como la metástasis pueden extirparse de forma completa

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to present our patients with lung cancer and synchronous adrenal metastases treated with a reversal approach: starting with adrenalectomy and doing the lung resection second. METHODS: A total of 108 laparoscopic adrenalectomies were performed, and we analyze a consecutive serie of 10 patients with isolated adrenal synchronous metastases from the lung, surgically treated in a sequential way. All patients underwent staging mediastinoscopy, and patients with positive lymph nodes were primary treated with chemotherapy. We analyze: postoperative morbidity, length of stay, time between the 2surgeries, suvival free progression and global survival. Survival analysis was performed by the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Mean age: 56.8 (41-73) years old. Of the total, 8 patients were surgically performed by laparoscopy. Metastases average size: 5.9 (3-10) cm. Days between the 2surgeries were 28 (12-35) days. No morbidity after adrenalectomy. Length of stay was 4.3 (3-5) days. Disease-free survival at 2 years was 60%, the 5-year overall survival was 30%, with a median survival of 41.5 (0-98) months. CONCLUSIONS: Adrenalectomy involves no significant morbidity and can be performed safely without delaying lung surgery, and allows us to operate the primary lung tumor successfully as long as we ensure complete resection of the adrenal gland. A multidisciplinary oncology committee must individualize all cases and consider this therapeutic approach in all patients with resectable primary tumor and resectable adrenal metastases

Omental patch reinforced with polypropylene mesh and split-thickness skin grafting: A new procedure to close the "open abdomen".

INTRODUCTION: The "open abdomen" expression widely used to define a full-thickness defect of the abdominal wall intentionally made in some situations like abdominal compartment syndrome, has been replaced by a newest one called "laparostomy". The definitive closure of an open abdomen with a giant full abdominal thickness defect remains a problem. CASE REPORT: We present a 67-year old male with a descompressive laparostomy treated with a greater omentum flap sutured hermetically with interrupted stitches at the edges of the muscle wall, reinforced with large mesh of polypropylene (PP) placed on-lay and sutured to the fascia by two concentric running sutures of polypropylene. A vacuum-assisted closure device was placed on the second postoperative day and it was kept during three weeks. By then the PP mesh was completely integrated so skin grafts were applied to the surface of the granulation tissue. An incisional hernia was easily repaired at three years of follow-up. Eight months after the last surgery the patient is satisfied with the result achieved. DISCUSSION: The great omentum has immunological and angiogenic properties that allow a rapid integration of the polypropylene mesh, even in septic environments, facilitating the engraftment of split-thickness skin graft. The reactive fibrosis caused by the PP mesh replaces the fat tissue but the inner surface is preserved, thereby avoiding subsequent adhesion and facilitates surgical access to the abdominal cavity if necessary in the future. CONCLUSION: The structure achieved is a strong structure, capable of visceral isolation that can be useful to close some OA.

Application of Fast-Track Recovery Protocols in Single-Port Laparoscopic Surgery Versus Multiport Laparoscopic Surgery for Colon Resection.

AIM: The aim of this study is to analyze whether fast-track (FT) recovery protocols can be applied to single-port laparoscopic surgery for colon resection, as they are in multiport laparoscopic surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study comparing single-port laparoscopic surgery (SP-FT) versus multiport laparoscopic surgery (MP-FT) for colon resection, and the applicability of our FT recovery protocol in all patients between 2013 and 2014. Variables evaluated were American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, tumor size, number of nodes, surgery performed, postoperative morbidity, and length of hospital stay. RESULTS: A total of 83 patients (28 SP-FT group and 55 MP-FT group) underwent FT recovery. The median age was 62 (11-85) years in SP-FT group and 72 (57-84) in MP-FT group. ASA score showed no significant difference (P = .973). The surgical procedures performed were as follows: SP-FT group 20 right hemicolectomy, 5 left hemicolectomy, and 3 subtotal colectomy and MP-FT group were 26 right hemicolectomy, 28 left hemicolectomy, and 1 subtotal colectomy. Mean operative time (minutes) was shorter in SP-FT group (151 ± 47.9 versus 182 ± 50.7), but no significant difference was observed. Regarding the tumor size (SP-FT 4.2 [2-7] cm versus MP-FT 4 [3-12] cm) and postoperative morbidity Clavien-Dindo ≥2 (SP-FT 10 patients versus MP-FT 20 patients), there were no significant differences (P = .535; P = .383). The median length of hospital stay was statistically significant: SP-FT 4.5 (3-53) days versus MP-FT 7 (4-33) days (P = .005). CONCLUSIONS: FT rehabilitation is safe and reproducible in single-port laparoscopic surgery for colon pathologies, with postoperative results comparable with conventional laparoscopic surgery.

Wernicke's encephalopathy after sleeve gastrectomy: Literature review.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of Wernicke's encephalopathy after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. SETTING: Emergency Department and gastrointestinal surgery department. CASE REPORT: A 20-year-old man class III obesity (BMI 50.17kg/m(2)) underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with uneventful recovery. Five weeks after surgery he was admitted in the Emergency Department because of persistent vomiting and dysphagia to solids. Esophagogastroduodenal transit and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were requested but no relevant findings were shown. Laboratory analyses showed vitamin B1 12.2ng/mL and 48h following admission the patient experienced generalized weakness, sialorrhea and restrictions of actions such as reading a book. Neurological evaluation found confusion, motor ataxia, diplopy and nystagmus. A brain magnetic resonance was normal. According to low level of vitamin B1 and symptoms found in the patient a presumed diagnosis of Wernicke encephalopathy was made and parenteral thiamine 100mg/day was started. The patient was discharged asymptomatic with oral intake of vitamin B1 600mg per day. CONCLUSION: Nutritional deficiencies after restrictive procedures are uncommon but easily preventable and can result in life threatening. With the upswing of bariatric surgery, surgeons and emergency physicians should be able to diagnose and treat those complications. Prophylactic thiamine should be administered to patients with predisposing factors.

Management of a Gastrobronchial Fistula Connected to the Skin in a Giant Extragastric Stromal Tumor.

Introduction. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors first treatment should be surgical resection, but when metastases are diagnosed or the tumor is unresectable, imatinib must be the first option. This treatment could induce some serious complications difficult to resolve. Case Report. We present a 47-year-old black man with a giant unresectable gastric stromal tumor under imatinib therapy who presented serious complications such as massive gastrointestinal bleeding and a gastrobronchial fistula connected with the skin, successfully treated by surgery and gastroscopy. Discussion. Complications due to imatinib therapy can result in life threatening. They represent a challenge for surgeons and digestologists; creative strategies are needed in order to resolve them.

Comparative Long-term Study of a Large Series of Patients with Invasive Ductal Carcinoma and Invasive Lobular Carcinoma. Loco-Regional Recurrence, Metastasis, and Survival.

Our aim was to compare histologic and immunohistochemical features, surgical treatment and clinical course, including disease recurrence, distant metastases, and mortality between patients with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) or invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). We included 1,745 patients operated for 1,789 breast tumors, with 1,639 IDC (1,600 patients) and 145 patients with ILC and 150 breast tumors. The median follow-up was 76 months. ILC was significantly more likely to be associated with a favorable phenotype. Prevalence of contralateral breast cancer was slightly higher for ILC patients than for IDC patients (4.0% versus 3.2%; p = n.s). ILC was more likely multifocal, estrogen receptor positive, Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2 (HER2) negative, and with lower proliferative index compared to IDC. Considering conservative surgery, ILC patients required more frequently re-excision and/or mastectomy. Prevalence of stage IIB and III stages were significantly more frequent in ILC patients than in IDC patients (37.4% versus 25.3%, p = 0.006). Positive nodes were significantly more frequent in the ILC patients (44.6% versus 37.0%, p = 0.04). After adjustment for tumor size and nodal status, frequencies of recurrence/metastasis, disease-free and specific survival were similar among patients with IDC and patients with ILC. In conclusion, women with ILC do not have worse clinical outcomes than their counterparts with IDC. Management decisions should be based on individual patient and tumor biologic characteristics rather than on lobular versus ductal histology.

Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Sentinel Node Biopsy: Additional Axillary Tumor Burden as a Function of the Total Number of Excised Sentinel Nodes-A Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have challenged the long-standing assumption that breast cancer prognosis is determined by lymph node regional status. We assessed locoregional relapse, distant metastases, and mortality alongside additional axillary disease in breast cancer patients undergoing sentinel node (SN) biopsy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This prospective study assessed 1070 women with clinical T1-T2 invasive breast cancer with negative clinical/ultrasound axillae. RESULTS: A total of 25.1% of patients had positive SN biopsy findings, of whom 69.2% had only 1 involved SN. The rate of axillary recurrence was 0.7%, with no significant differences found between patients with positive or negative SN (0.6% vs. 1.1%). There were also no significant differences in the rate of distant metastases or breast cancer-specific mortality. If we had applied the Z0011 trial suggestions, residual axillary disease would have reached 16.2%: 13.5% in patients over 50% and 21.3% in patients under 50. The rate of residual axillary disease would have been 25.2% in patients with only 1 SN (20.2% in patients over 50% and 38.2% in patients under 50). In patients with 2 SN, residual disease would have ranged from 12.0% in patients over 50% to 19.0% in patients under 50. From 3 SN on, residual disease seems negligible. CONCLUSION: There were no significant differences in locoregional relapse, distant metastases, or mortality between patients with negative and positive SN. Patients with 3 or more SN have no additional axillary disease. In patients younger 50, one must be extremely cautious if the Z0011 suggestions are to be applied, especially if there is only 1 SN.

Cierre de grandes defectos de pared abdominal mediante plastia de epiplón y malla de polipropileno sustitutoria en pacientes con laparostomías descompresivas / Repair of large abdominal wall defects by epiploplasty and polypropelene mesh in patients with decompressive laparostomies

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Phlegmonous gastritis: A rare entity as a differential diagnostic of an acute abdomen. Description of a case and a bibliographic review.

Phlegmonous gastritis is a rare bacterial infection of the gastric wall, which progress rapidly. It is characterized by a purulent inflammation that can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract and presents a high mortality rate. We are reporting a case of phlegmonous gastritis in an HIV-seropositive man successfully treated with antibiotics. Moreover, a review of the English andSpanish literature is carried out, from 1980 to the present time.The most frequently involved microorganism is Streptococcus spp. (57 %), but the polimicrobial infection is also frequent (17 %). The most important symptom is the intensive epigastric pain associated with vomits and most cases were diagnosed by CT and/or fibrogastroscopy. There are many existing risk factors described.The main one is the immunesuppression, although in 40 % of the cases no risk factors were identified. The global mortality is 27 % without identifying significant differences between antibiotics and surgical treatment, for that reason it is recommended to initiate antibiotic treatment right from the beginning and postponing surgery for the refractory cases and complications.

Liposarcoma multicéntrico sincrónico y metacrónico / Multicentric, synchronous and metachronous liposarcoma

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Gastritis flemonosa: una entidad poco frecuente como diagnóstico diferencial del abdomen agudo. Descripción de un caso y revisión bibliográfica / Phlegmonous gastritis: a rare entity as a differential diagnostic of an acute abdomen. Description of a case and a bibliographic review

La gastritis flemonosa es una infección bacteriana poco frecuente y rápidamente progresiva de la pared gástrica. Se caracteriza por una inflamación purulenta que puede afectar a todo el tracto gastrointestinal y que presenta un índice elevado de mortalidad. En este trabajo se comunica un caso de gastritis flemonosa en un paciente seropositivo para la infección por VIH tratado exitosamente con antibioticoterapia. Además, se realiza una revisión de los casos publicados en la bibliografía médica, en inglés y español desde 1980 hasta la actualidad. El microorganismo más frecuentemente implicado es Streptococcus spp. (57 %), pero también destaca la infección polimicrobiana (17 %). El síntoma más común es el dolor epigástrico intenso asociado a vómitos y la mayoría de casos fueron diagnosticados mediante TC y/o endoscopia. Existen numerosos factores de riesgo descritos, el principal es la inmunosupresión, aunque en el 40 % de los casos no se identificó ningún factor de riesgo. La mortalidad global es del 27 %, sin identificar diferencias significativas entre el tratamiento antibiótico y quirúrgico, por lo que se recomienda instaurar el tratamiento antibiótico de manera precoz y reservar la cirugía para los casos refractarios y las complicaciones (AU)

Phlegmonous gastritis is a rare bacterial infection of the gastric wall, which progress rapidly. It is characterized by a purulent inflammation that can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract and presents a high mortality rate. We are reporting a case of phlegmonous gastritis in an HIV-seropositive man successfully treated with antibiotics. Moreover, a review of the English and Spanish literature is carried out, from 1980 to the present time. The most frequently involved microorganism is Streptococcus spp. (57 %), but the polimicrobial infection is also frequent (17 %). The most important symptom is the intensive epigastric pain associated with vomits and most cases were diagnosed by CT and/ or fibrogastroscopy. There are many existing risk factors described. The main one is the immunesuppression, although in 40 % of the cases no risk factors were identified. The global mortality is 27 % without identifying significant differences between antibiotics and surgical treatment, for that reason it is recommended to initiate antibiotic treatment right from the beginning and postponing surgery for the refractory cases and complications (AU)

Adrenalectomy for solid tumor metastases: results of a multicenter European study.

BACKGROUND: We assessed the results of adrenalectomy for solid tumor metastases in 317 patients recruited from 30 European centers. METHODS: Patients with histologically proven adrenal metastatic disease and undergoing complete removal(s) of the affected gland(s) were eligible. RESULTS: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was the most frequent tumor type followed by colorectal and renal cell carcinoma. Adrenal metastases were synchronous (≤6 months) in 73 (23%) patients and isolated in 213 (67%). The median disease-free interval was 18.5 months. Laparoscopic resection was used in 46% of patients. Surgery was limited to the adrenal gland in 73% of patients and R0 resection was achieved in 86% of cases. The median overall survival was 29 months (95% confidence interval, 24.69-33.30). The survival rates at 1, 2, 3, and 5 years were 80%, 61%, 42%, and 35%, respectively. Patients with renal cancer showed a median survival of 84 months, patients with NSCLC 26 months, and patients with colorectal cancer 29 months (P = .017). Differences in survival between metachronous and synchronous lesions were also significant (30 vs. 23 months; P = .038). CONCLUSION: Surgical removal of adrenal metastasis is associated with long-term survival in selected patients.

Differential survival and recurrence patterns of patients operated for breast cancer according to the new immunohistochemical classification: analytical survey from 1997 to 2012.

Breast cancer can no longer be considered only one condition. It should be regarded rather as a heterogeneous group of diseases with different molecular outlines. The aim of this study is to establish a correlation between immunohistochemical tumor sub-typing and surgical treatment, local recurrence rates, distant metastases, and cancer-specific mortality at 5 and 10 years. At least, four tumor sub-types have been described, which were associated with variable risk factors, different natural clinical course, and different response to both local and systemic therapies. For Luminal A: ER + and/or PR + HER2- Ki67 <15 %; Luminal B: ER + and/or PR + HER2- Ki67 ≥ 15 %; Pure HER2: ER-PR-HER2+; Triple Negative: ER-PR-HER2-. One thousand four hundred seventy-seven patients operated for 1,511 invasive breast tumors were included. Disease-free survival, overall mortality, and breast cancer-specific mortality at 5 and 10 years were calculated. Distant metastases prevalence ranged from 8 to 28 % across sub-types, increasing stepwise from Luminal A, Luminal B, and pure HER2 through triple negative. Conversely, larger tumors with significant axillary burden were more likely to belong to HER2 or triple negative groups. Luminal A sub-type patients showed significantly lower mortality rates both overall and specific at 5 and 10 years, as compared to the rest. Luminal B patients showed lower mortality rates only when compared with triple negative patients. Simple classification of breast cancer patients based on immunohistochemistry and other risk factors is quite useful to establish groups with bad or even worse prognosis. Although results from immunohistochemical classification were not taken into account for surgical procedure decision-making, we found that pure HER2 and triple negative patients received nevertheless higher rates of radical treatment.

Prognostic factors and follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma with false negative or nondiagnostic FNAC before surgery. Comparison with a control group.

Since the clinical implementation of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) to diagnose thyroid carcinoma, few patients remain misdiagnosed and little is known about their clinical outcomes. An observational retrospective study was carried out to analyse prognostic factors and follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) not disclosed by FNAC before surgery, compared to a control group. From October 2003 to July 2010, 308 patients underwent surgery as treatment for nodular goitre and 53 had DTC. Cases were 12 subjects with DTC and benign (n = 7) or nondiagnostic (n = 5) FNAC. Controls were 39 subjects with DTC and suspicious (n = 19) or malignant (n = 20) FNAC. Prognostic factors, recurrence and survival rates were compared. Cases had longer time from FNAC to surgery than the control group (86.8 ± 74.1 vs. 16.4 ± 23.8 weeks; P < 0.001), higher prevalence of follicular carcinoma (33.3 vs. 2.6%; P = 0.009), and of two-time total thyroidectomy (75 vs. 30.8%; P = 0.016). Average follow-up was 42.7 ± 25.3 months (2-86 months). There were no deaths. Disease-free survival for cases was 66.9 ± 5.8 months, and for controls 78.7 ± 3.9 months (P: ns). In patients with DTC, the result of the FNAC performed before surgery was not an independent predictor of recurrences or mortality in the first 7 years of follow-up. Thus, false negative or nondiagnostic FNAC in a patient with DTC does not seem to be a primary prognostic factor, but it may reveal other adverse prognostic factors such as longer time to therapy and higher prevalence of follicular carcinoma that may influence long-term outcomes.

Complex thyroid nodules with nondiagnostic fine needle aspiration cytology: histopathologic outcomes and comparison of the cytologic variants (cystic vs. acellular).

Management of complex thyroid nodules (CTN) is a common dilemma due to their high prevalence and frequent nondiagnostic fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). In order to know the rate of malignancy, we reviewed our experience about histopathologic diagnosis of CTN with nondiagnostic FNAC, and we analyzed if cytological variants of nondiagnostic FNAC indicated different histopathologic outcomes. We conducted a review of 927 consecutive aspirations performed between 2003 and 2008. We selected patients without history of radiation, with echographic CTN, and nondiagnostic FNAC, who underwent surgery. We analyzed histopathologic results and compared patients with benign and malignant nodules, and searched for differences between patients with cystic changes in FNAC (C-FNAC), and patients with acellular or only bloody FNAC (A-FNAC). Thirty-six patients were included (mean age 45.7 ± 13 years; 30 females). Four patients had malignant nodules; all were papillary carcinomas. Patients with benign nodules had a similar profile to patients with malignant nodules. Patients with C-FNAC (n = 21) were younger (41.3 ± 12.6 vs. 51.8 ± 11.2 years; P < 0.02), had more lymphocytic thyroiditis (33.3 vs. 0%; P < 0.02), a slightly higher rate of carcinoma in the nodule (14.3 vs. 6.6%; P: ns), and also of papillary microcarcinoma outside the nodule (9.6 vs. 0%; P: ns) than patients with A-FNAC. In conclusion, we report an 11.1% malignancy rate in CTN with nondiagnostic FNAC. Nodules with C-FNAC variant had a slightly higher rate of malignancy than A-FNAC, which may be in relation with younger age and higher prevalence of lymphocytic thyroiditis in this group of patients.