Detection of anti-tissue transglutaminase IgA antibodies (tTG IgA) in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus / Detección de anticuerpos IgA antitransglutaminasa tisular (IgA-TGT) en niños con diabetes mellitus tipo 1

Abstract Introduction: Children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) are more likely to develop celiac disease (CD), which is an underdiagnosed condition due to its variable clinical presentation. Therefore, children with DM1 require periodic monitoring to achieve an early diagnosis of CD. Objectives: To identify positivity for the detection of anti-tissue transglutaminase IgA antibodies (tTG-IgA) in children with DM1, as well as to describe gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, anthropometric status indicators and gluten intake levels. Materials and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study. The population was composed of children with DM1 who attended the outpatient service of two pediatric endocrinology centers in Bogotá, Colombia. The Biocard-Celiac® test was used to detect the presence of tTG-IgA. In addition, participants were asked about their GI symptoms and underwent an anthropometric nutritional assessment. Gluten intake was assessed by recording dietary intake for 72 hours. A statistical data analysis was performed using the SPSS software version 22.0. Results: The final sample included 45 children with an average age of 10.6±4.1 years, of which 53% were males. None of the participants had a positive result in the tTG-IgA test. The most frequent GI symptoms were flatulence (48.9%) and abdominal pain (28.9%). Only 3 children (6.7%) were below the height-for-age standard. The average gluten intake was 5.29±3.02 g/day. Conclusions: Although children with DM1 are at increased risk of developing CD, none of the participants tested positive for tTG-IgA.

Resumen Introducción. Los niños con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) tienen mayor probabilidad de desarrollar enfermedad celiaca (EC), la cual es una condición subdiagnosticada debido a que su presentación clínica varía; por lo tanto, es necesario monitorear periódicamente a esta población con el objetivo de diagnosticar a tiempo la EC. Objetivos. Identificar la positividad para la detección de anticuerpos IgA antitransglutaminasa tisular (IgA-TGT) en población pediátrica con DM1, así como describir los síntomas gastrointestinales (SGI), los indicadores antropométricos y los niveles de ingesta de gluten. Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. La población estuvo compuesta por niños con DM1 que asistieron al servicio de consulta externa en dos centros de endocrinología pediátrica en Bogotá D.C., Colombia. Para detectar la presencia de IgA-TGT se aplicó el test Biocar-dTM Celiac®. Además, se indagó sobre los SGI y se realizó valoración nutricional antropométrica de los participantes. Para evaluar la ingesta de gluten se llevó a cabo un registro dietético de 72 horas. El análisis estadístico de los datos se realizó con el programa SPSS versión 22.0. Resultados. La muestra final estuvo compuesta por 45 niños con una edad promedio de 10.6±4.1 años, de los cuales 53% eran varones. Ninguno de los pacientes presentó positividad cualitativa en el test aplicado para detección de IgA-TGT. Los SGI más frecuentes fueron flatulencias (48.9%) y dolor abdominal (28.9%). Solo en 3 niños (6.7%) se observó talla baja con respecto a su edad. La ingesta promedio de gluten fue 5.29±3.02 g/día. Conclusiones. Pese a que los niños con DM1 tienen mayor riesgo de desarrollar EC, ninguno de los participantes presentó positividad para IgA-TGT.

Effects of performing morning versus afternoon exercise on glycemic control and hypoglycemia frequency in type 1 diabetes patients on sensor-augmented insulin pump therapy.

BACKGROUND: Although physical exercise (PE) is recommended for individuals with type 1 diabetes (DM1), participation in exercise is challenging because it increases the risk of severe hypoglycemia and the available therapeutic options to prevent it frequently result in hyperglycemia. There is no clear recommendation about the best timing for exercise. The aim of this study was to compare the risk of hypoglycemia after morning or afternoon exercise sessions up to 36 hours postworkout. METHODS: This randomized crossover study enrolled subjects with DM1, older than 18 years of age, on sensor-augmented insulin pump (SAP) therapy. Participants underwent 2 moderate-intensity exercise sessions; 1 in the morning and 1 in the afternoon, separated by a 7 to 14 day wash-out period. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data were collected 24 hours before, during and 36 hours after each session. RESULTS: Thirty-five subjects (mean age 30.31 ± 12.66 years) participated in the study. The rate of hypoglycemia was significantly lower following morning versus afternoon exercise sessions (5.6 vs 10.7 events per patient, incidence rate ratio, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.43-0.63; P < .0001). Most hypoglycemic events occurred 15-24 hours after the session. On days following morning exercise sessions, there were 20% more CGM readings in near-euglycemic range (70-200 mg/dL) than on days prior to morning exercise (P = .003). CONCLUSIONS: Morning exercise confers a lower risk of late-onset hypoglycemia than afternoon exercise and improves metabolic control on the subsequent day.

Factores asociados con el control glucémico óptimo en pacientes tratados con bomba de insulina y monitorización continua de glucosa en tiempo real / Factors associated with optimal glycemic control in patients with insulin pump therapy and continuous glucose monitoring in real time

OBJETIVO: Cuando se utiliza monitorización continua de glucosa (MCG) y algoritmos de estimación de bolos, muchos pacientes en terapia con bomba de insulina alcanzan euglucemia. Evaluamos patrones de uso en integración de tecnología de bomba/MCG asociados con niveles de HbA1c < 7%. MÉTODOS: Analizamos datos de 217 pacientes (edad > 11 años; 53,5% hombres; 91,7% con diabetes tipo 1; > 3 meses de experiencia en bomba) en manejo en un hospital universitario de Bogotá, Colombia, incluyendo aplicación de insulina, HbA1c, eventos hipoglucémicos severos, uso de MCG, culminación de cursos educativos en diabetes y frecuencia de glucometrías. Todos los pacientes recibieron entrenamiento para uso de bomba y la mayoría (73,7%) entrenamiento adicional en conteo de hidratos de carbono, ajustes de tasa basal y uso de datos de MCG. RESULTADOS: El inicio de terapia con bomba se asoció a disminución de HbA1c, uso de insulina y eventos hipoglucémicos severos (p < 0,001). Conductas específicas con bomba-MCG asociadas con menor A1c incluyeron uso de algoritmos de estimación de dosis en > 80% de los bolos y uso de sensor MCG > 80% del tiempo (p < 0,005). HbA1c menor se evidenció con culminación del entrenamiento adicional, edad > 18 años, uso de bomba Paradigm 722 con MCG integrado, uso de alarmas por MCG, HbA1c > 7% antes de terapia y controles de glucemia capilar más frecuentes (p < 0,05). Muchos pacientes (45,6%) alcanzaron HbA1c ≤ 7% con bomba. CONCLUSIONES: La educación, combinada con uso consistente de sensores-MCG y algoritmos de bolos confiere reducciones de HbA1c mayores a las alcanzadas con la terapia solamente con bomba

OBJECTIVE: When used with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and bolus estimation algorithms, many patients on insulin pump therapy achieve near-euglycemia. We evaluated the usage patterns of integrated pump/CGM technology that are associated with A1C levels < 7%. METHODS: Data from 217 patients (age > 11 years, 53.5% male, 91.7% with type 1 diabetes, all with > 3 months pump experience) receiving care at a teaching hospital in Bogotá, Colombia, were analyzed. Data included insulin delivery, A1C levels, severe hypoglycemic events, use of CGM, completion of diabetes education courses, and the frequency of blood glucose checks. All patients received training on the use of the pump, and most (73.7%) received additional training on carbohydrate counting, basal rate adjustments, and use of CGM data. RESULTS: Initiation of pump therapy was associated with decreases in A1C, insulin use, and severe hypoglycemic events (all P <0 .001). Pump and CGM-specific behaviors associated with lower A1C included the use of a dose estimation algorithm for > 80% of bolus doses and use of CGM sensors > 80% of the time (both P <0 .005). Lower A1C was also associated with the completion of additional training, age > 18, use of the Paradigm 722 pump with an integrated CGM device, use of CGM-based alarms, A1c >7% before pump therapy, and more frequent blood glucose checks (all P < 0.05). Many (45.6%) patients reached A1c ≤ 7% with pump therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Patient education, with an A1c below 7% before sensor-augmented pump therapy, when combined with consistent use of CGM sensors and bolus estimation algorithms, leads to favorable reductions in A1C beyond those achieved with pump therapy alone