[Radiation risk of malignant tumors in cosmonauts over life time as a result of participation in interplanetary and orbital missions]. / Radiatsionnyi risk obrazovaniia zlokachestvennykh opukholei u kosmonavtov v techenii ikh zhizni v rezul'tate osushchestvleniia mezhplanetnogo i orbital'nykh kosmicheskikh poletov.

The paper considers model concepts of cell blast-transformation and oncogenesis in humans consequent to ionizing irradiation with varying dose rates and lengths of exposure. Presented are data of epidemiologic studies of oncologic risks for different organs and body tissues at different ages in a year since exposure calculated per a unit of absorbed dose (1 cGy). Probability of tumor development in males of different age due to chronic irradiation of various lengths was determined per a dose unit. Based on these data and with regard for possible dose loads on interplanetary and orbital crews, oncologic risk for cosmonauts was calculated in terms of life time. The dependence of radiation-induced oncologic risks on type and duration of space mission, shielding thickness, and solar cycle was analyzed. The authors compare values of the total radiation risk and oncologic risk for cosmonauts launched at various ages.

[Total radiation risk from interplanetary and orbital missions to cosmonauts by the end of career and over the life time]. / Summarnyi radiatsionnyi risk dlia kosmonavtov k kontsu ikh professional'noi deiatel'nosti i za vsiu zhizn' pri osushchestvlenii mezhplanetnykh i orbital'nykh poletov.

Models of radiation rate of mammalian mortality and algorithm for calculating the generalized dose from space radiations laid the basis for mathematical description of the probability of cosmohaut's survival in a delayed period after exposure as a function of generalized dose. Derived relations are intended to estimate the total radiation risk by any time point following exposure; expressions can be used to predict reduction inf mean expected lifetime after exposure of cosmonauts to different radiation doses. Presented are calculations of total radiation risk to cosmonauts from interplanetary and orbital missions of varying length by the end of career and over the whole lifetime. Additionally, calculated reduction in mean expected lifetime in consequence of space radiation exposure is given and the dependence of delayed radiation effects on mission length, spacecraft shielding, solar cycle, and age at the launch is analyzed.

[Radiation risk for astronauts during space flights on board the space station "MIR"]. / Radiatsionnyi risk dlia kosmonavtov pri osushchestvlenii kosmicheskikh poletov na orbital'noi stantsii "MIR".

Described is the algorithm for calculating the radiation risk to cosmonauts on orbital missions during different solar phases. The algorithm and the Fortran calculation program lie in the basis of presented radiation risk estimations for orbital manned missions of varying duration. The dependence of in-flight radiation risk on mission length, solar phase, and cosmonaut's age was analyzed. Magnitudes of radiation risk to cosmonauts were compared with the national demographic risk of male lethality over a similar period of time.

[The determination of the radiation risk during an interplanetary space flight at different periods of solar activity]. / Opredelenie radiatsionnogo riska v protsesse mezhplanetnogo kosmicheskogo poleta v razlichnye periody solnechnoi aktivnosti.

Based on the own algorithm and Fortran calculation program the authors estimated radiation risk to cosmonauts on an interplanetary mission. They also analyzed the dependence of risk values on mission duration, space vehicle shield thickness, solar phase, and cosmonaut's age. The magnitudes of radiation risk to cosmonauts were compared with the national demographic risk of male lethality over a similar period of time.

[An algorithm to compute the radiation risk during interplanetary space flights]. / Algoritm rascheta radiatsionnogo riska v protsesse mezhplanetnykh kosmicheskikh poletov.

The algorithm of estimation of the radiation risk to cosmonauts on long-term interplanetary missions stems from new approaches to the estimation of radiation hazard, calculation of generalized dose inputs from various space radiations, hypothesized probability of human death due to exposure to varying doses of standard radiation. These data allow calculation of radiation risk from deterministic sources along the flight trajectory and stochastically distributed in time solar flares. Results of this calculation can be further used to correlate the in-flight radiation risk with mission length, shield thickness, solar cycle, and age of cosmonauts. They may be additionally used to compare the in-flight radiation risk with the national demographic risk of male lethality over a similar period.