Tannin as a modulator of rumen microbial profile, apparent digestibility and ingestive behavior of lactating goats: A preliminary metagenomic view of goats adaptability to tannin.

The aim with this study was to use interdisciplinary techniques and visions in order to identify the modulating effect of tannins on adaptive factors in lactating goats with different genetic patterns, through the assessment of digestibility and nutrient intake, ingestive behavior and rumen metagenome. We used in this study 8 of the Repartida ecotype and 6 of the Canindé breed goats, on average five years old, distributed in a completely randomized design, in a 2 × 2 factorial design, with two genetic groups and two diets. The applied diets were: basal diet and inclusion of 5% commercial tannin extract in basal diet. Intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients were evaluated, based on the quantification of the offered feed and refusals, and bromatological evaluation of samples of the offered feed, refusals and feces. Behavioral data were collected in 24-h continuous visual observations. The ruminal fluid was collected and DNA extraction, sequencing, and evaluation of relative abundance of the rumen microbiome were performed. The data obtained were analyzed statistically, through analysis of variance with 5% significance and, when necessary, a comparison of means test was applied. In this preliminary findings was observed that the genetic group factor caused changes in the number of chews and the relative abundance of microorganisms (P = 0.0290 and P = 0.0051). The diet factor influenced digestibility, which better values were observed for the tannin diet (P = 0.0049), in addition, it promoted changes in the rumen microbiota, with a beneficial modulatory characteristic. The inclusion of 5% tannin extract from Acacia mearnsii modulates the rumen microbiome, improving the apparent digestibility of nutrients without affecting the feed intake of goats from the Repartida and Canindé genetic groups.

Resistance to antimicrobials and biofilm formation in Staphylococcus spp. isolated from bovine mastitis in the Northeast of Brazil.

Mastitis is the principal disease affecting dairy herds worldwide. The aim of the present study was to characterize phenotypic and genotypic features associated with resistance to antimicrobials in Staphylococcus spp. isolated from 2064 milk samples of 525 lactating cows in the Northeast of Brazil. Of the 218 isolates analyzed, 57.8% were characterized as Staphylococcus aureus, 28% as coagulase-positive staphylococci other than S. aureus (oCPS), and 14.2% as coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). The test for susceptibility to antimicrobials showed amoxicillin (32.6%) to be the less effective drug in vitro, and the multi-drug resistance (MDR) rate for beta-lactams varied from 0 to 0.75. The genotypic characterization showed that 93.1% of the samples were tested positive for the blaZ gene, while none amplified mecA. The antibiotic efflux mechanism was observed in 0.9% of isolates. The biofilm formation was found in 3.7 and 96.3% of samples, respectively, on Congo red agar and on the microplate adhesion test, while the icaD gene was present in 92.2% of Staphylococcus spp. The high frequency of blaZ gene observed in this study was associated with the resistance of most Staphylococcus spp. to one or more of the beta-lactams tested, which are routinely used in Brazilian herds for mastitis treatment. The biofilm formation was also detected in the isolates analyzed being an important characteristic for pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance of bacteria.

Ascophyllum nodosum in the diet of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and its effect after inoculation of Aeromonas hydrophila / Ascophyllum nodosum na dieta de tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)e o efeito dela depois da inoculação com Aeromonas hydrophila

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Ascophyllum nodosum brown seaweed meal (FAM) on the health of Nile tilapia submitted to inoculation with Aeromonas hydrophila. The experiment was conducted for a period of 40 days using 120 Nile tilapia fingerlings, with age of 40 days, distributed in 20 tanks. A diet including Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed meal at 20g.kg-1 and a control diet (without FAM) were provided which constituted the treatments. Thirty days after beginning the experiment, A. hydrophila was inoculated by bacterial inoculum diluted in sterile saline solution at a concentration of 10(6) CFU ml-1. Except for the width, which was greater for the treatment with the provision of FAM (P<0.05), there was no influence on the performance parameters of the fingerlings, but the occurrence of lesions in animals inoculated with A. hydrophila and fed with FAM was lower and they also exhibited a decline in the lesions in a shorter period of time than the control group. FAM prevents hepatopancreatic congestion in infected animals. Ascophyllum nodosum brown seaweed meal reduced the number of lesions in fish in a shorter time when compared to the control group.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito da farinha de alga marinha marrom Ascophyllum nodosum (FAM) em alevinois de tilápias do Nilo sob desafio sanitário com inoculação de Aeromonas hydrophila. O experimento foi realizado durante um período de 40 dias com a utilização de 120 alevinos de tilápia do Nilo, distribuídos em 20 aquários. Foi fornecida uma ração com inclusão da farinha da alga marinha Ascophyllum nodosum a 20g.kg ração-1 e uma ração testemunha (sem FAM), que constituiram os tratamentos. Após 30 dias experimentais foi realizada a inoculação de Aeromonas hydrophila por meio de um preparado de inóculo bacteriano com diluição em solução salina estéril a concentração de 106 UFC/ml. Exceto para a largura, que foi maior para o tratamento com o fornecimento da FAM (P<0,05), não houve influência sobre parâmetros de desempenho dos alevinos, mas a ocorrência de lesões nos animais inoculados com A. hydrophila e alimentados com FAM foi menor e, eles também exibiram um declínio das lesões em um menor período de tempo em relação ao grupo controle. FAM impediu a congestão hepatopancreática em animais infectados. A farinha de alga marinha marrom Ascophyllum nodosum reduziu o número de lesões nos peixes em menor tempo quando comparado ao controle.

Activity of disinfectants and biofilm production of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis / Atividade de desinfetantes e produção de biofilme em Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

To verify the occurrence of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats on farms of Pernambuco, Brazil, and in animals slaughtered in two Brazilian cities (Petrolina/PE and Juazeiro/BA), and to characterize the susceptibility profile of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis to disinfectants and antimicrobials, and its relationship with biofilm production were the objectives of this study. 398 samples were tested for sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs, disinfectants, and biofilm production. Among the 108 samples collected on the properties, 75% were positive for C. pseudotuberculosis. Slaughterhouse samples indicated an occurrence of caseous lymphadenitis in 15.66% and 6.31% for animals slaughtered in Petrolina and Juazeiro respectively. With respect to antimicrobials, the sensitivity obtained was 100% for florfenicol and tetracycline; 99.25% for enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and lincomycin; 98.99% for cephalothin; 98.74% for norfloxacin and sulfazotrim; 97.74% for gentamicin; 94.22% for ampicillin; 91.71% for amoxicillin; 91.21% for penicillin G; 89.19% for neomycin and 0% for novobiocin. In analyzes with disinfectants, the efficiency for chlorhexidine was 100%, 97.20% for quaternary ammonium, 87.40% for chlorine and 84.40% for iodine. 75% of the isolates were weak or non-biofilm producers. For the consolidated biofilm, found that iodine decreased biofilm formation in 13 isolates and quaternary ammonia in 11 isolates. The reduction of the biofilm formation was observed for iodine and quaternary ammonium in consolidated biofilm formation in 33% and 28% of the isolates, respectively. The results of this study highlight the importance of establishing measures to prevent and control the disease.

Verificar a ocorrência de linfadenite caseosa de ovinos e caprinos em fazendas de Pernambuco, no Brasil e em animais abatidos em duas cidades brasileiras (Petrolina/PE e Juazeiro/BA), caracterizar o perfil de suscetibilidade de Corynebacgerium pseudotuberculosis a desinfetantes e a antimicrobianos e analisar sua relação com a produção de biofilme foram os objetivos deste estudo. 398 amostras foram testadas para a sensibilidade aos medicamentos antimicrobianos, desinfetantes e produção de biofilme. Entre as 108 amostras coletadas nas propriedades, 75% foram positivas para C. pseudotuberculosis. Amostras do matadouro indicaram a ocorrência de linfadenite caseosa em 15,66% e 6,31% para animais abatidos em Petrolina (PE) e Juazeiro (BA), respectivamente. Com relação aos antimicrobianos, a sensibilidade obtida foi de 100% para florfenicol e tetraciclina, 99,25% para a enrofloxacina, ciprofloxacina e lincomicina; 98,99% para cefalotina; 98,74% para norfloxacina e sulfazotrim; 97,74% para gentamicina; 94,22% para ampicilina, 91,71% para amoxicilina, 91,21% para a penicilina G, 89,19% para a neomicina e 0% para novobiocina. Nas análises com desinfetantes, a eficiência para a clorexidina foi de 100%, 97,20% para amônia quaternária, 87,40% para o cloro e 84,40% para o iodo. 75% dos isolados foram fracos produtores de biofilme. Para o biofilme consolidado, observou-se que o iodo diminuiu a formação de biofilme em 13 isolados e a amônia quaternária em 11 isolados. A redução da formação de biofilme foi observada no biofilme consolidado, para iodo e amônia quaternária, em 33% e 28% das amostras, respectivamente. Os resultados deste estudo destacam a importância de se estabelecer medidas para prevenir e controlar a doença.

Molecular characterization of virulence factors in Aeromonas hydrophila obtained from fish / Caracterização molecular de fatores de virulência em Aeromonas hydrophila obtidas de peixes

Multiple factors can be involved in the virulence processes of Aeromonas hydrophila. The objective of the present paper was to verify the presence of aerolysin, hidrolipase, elastase and lipase virulence genes through the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in A. hydrophila isolates obtained from fish of the São Francisco River Valley, and to evaluate virulence according to the presence of these genes in Nile tilapia fingerlings. One hundred and fourteen isolates from the bacteria were used. DNA was heat extracted and PCR undertaken using specific primers described in the literature. For in vivo tests Nile tilapia fingerlings were used. From the PCR tests, negative isolates for all genes tested were selected, positive isolates for two genes (aerolysin and elastase) and positive for the four genes tested. These were inoculated at a concentration of 10(8) UFC/ml into the tilapias, considered as treatments; another group of animals was used as control (with inoculation of saline solution). In all, 12 distinct standards regarding the presence of virulence factors in isolates from A. hydrophila, were observed. Of the 114 isolates analyzed, 100 (87.72%) presented at least one of the virulence factors under study. The virulence factors were widely distributed among the A. hydrophila isolates. Aerolysin was the most frequent virulence factor present in the isolates analyzed. A. hydrophila led to the mortality of the Nile tilapia fingerlings, regardless of the absence or quantity of virulence genes tested.

Múltiplos fatores podem estar envolvidos nos processos de virulência de Aeromonas hydrophila. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar a presença dos genes de virulência aerolisina, hidrolipase, elastase e lipase, utilizando a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), em isolados de Aeromonas hydrophila obtidos de peixes do Vale do São Francisco e, avaliar sua virulência de acordo com a presença desses genes de virulência em alevinos de tilápia do Nilo. Cento e quatorze isolados foram utilizados. O DNA foi termoextraído e a PCR realizada com a utilização de inciadores específiicos descritos pela literatura. Para os testes in vivo alevinos de tilápia do Nilo foram utilizados. Segundo os resultados da PCR, foram selecionados isolados negativos para todos os genes de virulência testados, isolados positivos para dois genes de virulência, (aerolisina e elastase) e positivos para os quatro genes avaliados. Esses isolados foram inoculados na concentração de 108 UFC/ml nos alevinos e foram considerados como tratamentos e, um outro grupo de animais foi utilizado como grupo controle (com inoculação de solução salina). Ao fiinal, 12 padrões distintos, em relação a presença dos fatores de virulência nos isolados de A. Hydrophila, foram observados. Dentre os 114 isolados analisados, 100 (87,72%) apresentaram pelo menos um dos genes de virulência sob estudo. Os fatores de virulência foram amplamente distribuídos entre os isolados de A. hydrophila. A aerolisina foi o fator de virulência mais frequente nos isolados analisados. A. hydrophila levou à mortalidade dos alevinos de tilápia do Nilo, independente da ausência ou quantidade de genes de virulência testados.