[The influence of nettle and burdock extracts in combination with different diets on dyslipidemia in diabetes mellitus model].

The influence of low-fat diet, nettle (Urtica dioica) leafs and burdock (Arctium lappa) roots extracts on lipid metabolism and glycosylation reactions has been investigated in experimental diabetes mellitus. These extracts were applied in diets with both high and low fat content. The experiments were performed on 90 noninbred male albino rats (200­220 g) that were divided into 9 experimental groups. Diabetes mellitus was modeled with twice-repeated intraperitoneal streptozotocin (30 mg/kg) injections. The animals received food with increased fat content (proteins ­ 8%, fats ­ 30%, carbohydrates ­ 62% of total daily caloric content) during 4 weeks before streptozotocine injections and 8 weeks after its discontinuation. Simultaneously the rats were daily administered nettle leafs (100 mg/kg), burdock roots (25 mg/kg) extracts or metformin (100 mg/kg) into the stomach during 10 days. During the period of agents introduction half the animals continued to receive food with high fat content, the other half received low fat diet (proteins ­ 20%, fats ­ 8%, carbohydrates ­ 72% of the total daily caloric content). The forth (control) group received low fat food only without extracts or metformin administration. The levels of blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, malonic dialdehyde, lipid and lipoprotein fractions content were measured. It has been shown that after streptozotocine injections and 30% fat diet consumption the blood glucose level increased by 5.3 fold compared to that of the intact animals, the content of atherogenic lipid fractions increased by 2­8.3 fold and the protein glycosylation reactions were intensified by 1.9­2.5 fold. In animals fed with 8% fat diet the blood glucose and malonic dialdehyde content decreased by 1.8­2.3 fold. In this experiment the levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, cholesterol of nonhigh-density lipoproteins, low-density and very low-density lipoproteins, as well as the cholesterol and protein content of high-density lipoproteins normalized. The low fat food did not cause glycosylation reactions regression. With the administration of nettle, burdock extracts or metformin to animals that continued to receive high fat food the blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, cholesterol of nonhigh-density lipoproteins, low-density and very low-density lipoproteins levels decreased by l.6­7.l fold as compared to the parameters in streptozotocine diabetes mellitus. Cholesterol and protein content of high-density lipoproteins increased by l.4­3.7 fold. The herbal extracts also prevented malonic dialdehyde formation, high-density lipoproteins and hemoglobin glycosylation. The nettle and burdock extracts more effectively decreased hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia and lipoperoxidation in animals fed with low fat food. Metformin in the experiment with low fat intake decreased the glucose, low-density and very low-density lipoproteins content to a maximal degree and prevented high-density lipoproteins glycosylation.

[The combined use of bisphosphonates and strontium ranelate with osseosubstituting materials].

In review the possibility of biomaterials osseointegration improvement with help of bisphosphonates or strontium ranelate is discussed. For this purpose, they are added to hydroxyapatite used for implants coating, or are included as a component of bulk calcium phosphate materials. Strontium is employed as a compound of biodegradable metal alloys, also. Combined use of carrier (implant) with bisphosphonates or strontium ranelate promotes controlling local delivery of pharmaceutical molecules into lesion, enhances the therapy efficiency, and decreases a dose and systemic toxicity of the drugs. Bisphosphonates and strontium ranelate increase the mass, a count and thickness of bone trabeculas, improve the bone biomechanical properties in the place of implants fixation, and diminish the bone fracture risk. Main studies are devoted to pharmacologic mechanisms of implants osseointegration improvement. Bisphosphonates as isoprenoid lipids chemical analogues diminish by concurrent principle the osteoclastsfarnesylpyrophosphate synthase activity and inhibit the prenylation. Unprenylated small GTPases don't fasten onto osteoclasts membrane that weakens cellular resorptive activity and accelerates their apoptosis. Strontium ranelate enhances osteoblasts replicative activity and suppresses their apoptosis, also retards osteoclasts resorptive function and accelerates their apoptosis. Its effects are conditioned by activating Wnt-signaling pathway by means of calcium-sensing receptor and by changing the RANKL/RANK/OPG system.

Effects of phospholipid hepatoprotectors on apoptosis during experimental liver pathology induced by isoniazid and paracetamol.

Phospholipid hepatoprotectors essentiale, eplir, and their combinations with succinic acid decreased the relative content of apoptotic lymphocytes and granulocytes in the blood, content of TNF-α, total and indirect bilirubin, and activities of transaminases and alkaline phosphatase and increase the content of IL-10 in rats with experimental intoxication induced by isoniazid and paracetamol. A combination of eplir and succinic acid was most effective in preventing the development of leukocyte apoptosis.

[Endothelium-protective effects of vinpocetine, pentoxifylline and enalapril in patients with chronic brain ischemia].

The influence of vinpocetine, pentoxifylline and enalapril on endothelium functions has been studied in a group of in 172 patients with chronic brain ischemia. The endothelium-protective effect of drugs was manifested as the inhibition of the Willebrand factor output during arteriovenous occlusion test and as the renewal of endothelium-depended vasodilation. The extent of neurologic deficit reduction correlated with decrease in the activated endothelium-depended output of the Willebrand factor.

Effect of meadowsweet (Filipendula vulgaris) extract on bioenergetics of the brain during experimental posthypoxic encephalopathy.

We studied the effect of Filipendula vulgaris aqueous extract on mitochondrial energy production system in the brain of rats with posthypoxic encephalopathy developing 19 days after hypoxic injury. Filipendula extract more effectively than valerian extract improved kinetic characteristics of respiratory activity of mitochondria, increased substrate oxidation-phosphorylation coupling, and inhibited LPO.

Effect of silimarin, succinic acid, and their combination on bioenergetics of the brain in experimental encephalopathy.

In rats with experimental encephalopathy caused by intoxication with 4-pentenoic acid inhibiting beta-oxidation of medium- and long-chain fatty acids, hepatoprotector silimarin inhibited LPO, prevented deenergization and maintained high respiratory activity of brain mitochondria, and increased the rate and coupling of oxidation and phosphorylation. Succinic acid improved oxidation of substrates in motochondria and promoted activation of succinate-dependent ATP generation. Silimarin and succinic acid used together produced a synergistic protective effect on brain mitochondria surpassing the protective effects of individual preparations and prevented LPO activation.