ABSTRACT
We observed a rebound in consumption of antibacterials for systemic use (ATC J01) in the community sector in the European Union/European Economic Area during 2021 and 2022, after an observed decrease between 2019 and 2020. The rates in 2022 returned to pre-COVID-19-pandemic levels and were exceeded in 13 countries. Although these patterns could partly be a result of changes in disease transmission during the study period, it could also reflect a lost opportunity to strengthen and reinforce prudent antibiotic use.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents , COVID-19 , Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Pandemics , European Union , Europe/epidemiologyABSTRACT
The aim of the present research was to test whether involvement in a 14-days training program in the performing arts could reduce implicit biases. We asked healthy participants to complete an Implicit Association Test (IAT) to assess biased attitudes to physical illness in two separate sessions, before and after the training program. Two separate control groups matched by age, gender and educational level completed the two IAT sessions, separated by same number of days, without being involved in the training program. Results showed that participants who were involved in the training program reduced their implicit bias toward illness measured through IAT in the second session. This reduction in IAT measures was not observed in the control samples, despite the two IAT measures being matched in temporal delay with the experimental group. These findings suggest that an interventional program based on the performing arts could be effective in reducing levels of implicit biases among the general population.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Social determinants and health inequalities have a huge impact on health of populations. It is important to study their role in the management of the Covid-19 epidemic, especially in cities, as certain variables like the number of tests and the access to health system cannot be assumed as equal. The aim of this work was to determine the relation of social determinants in the incidence of Covid-19 in the city of Barcelona. METHODS: An observational retrospective ecological study was performed, with the neighbourhood as the population unit, based on data of cumulative incidence published at May 14th, 2020 by the Public Health Agency of Barcelona. Covid-19 incidence disparities depending on the income of the neighbourhoods, the Pearson linear correlation of the variables selected (age, sex, net density, immigrants, comorbidities, smokers, Body Mass Index [BMI] and Available Income per Family Index [AIFI]) with the incidence and the correlation with a multivariant Generalized Linear Model (GLM) were estimated. RESULTS: It was found that neighbourhoods belonging to the lowest quintile of income had a 42% more incidence than those belonging to the highest quintile: 942 cases per 100,000 inhabitants versus 545 per 100,000 inhabitants of the highest quintile. The Pearson correlation was statistically significative between the incidence of Covid-19 and the percentage of population over 75 (r=0.487), the percentage of immigration of the neighbourhood and the origin of the immigrants (r=-0.257), the AIFI (r=-0.462), the percentage of smokers (r=0.243) and the percentage of people with BMI over 25 (r=0.483). The GLM showed that the most correlated variables with the incidence are the percentage of people over 75 (Z-score=0.258), the percentage of people from Maghreb (Z-score=-0.206) and Latin America (Z-score=0.19) and the percentage of people with BMI over 25 (Z-score=0.334). The results of the GLM were significative. CONCLUSIONS: Social determinants are correlated with the modification of the incidence of Covid-19 in the neighbourhoods of Barcelona, with special relevance of the prevalence of BMI over 25 and the percentage of immigrants and its origin.
OBJETIVO: Los determinantes sociales tienen un gran impacto en la salud de las poblaciones. Es relevante estudiar su papel en la gestión de la epidemia de la Covid-19, especialmente en las ciudades, pues ciertas variables como el número de tests realizados o la disponibilidad de recursos sanitarios no se pueden asumir por igual. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar la relación de los determinantes sociales en la incidencia de la Covid-19 en Barcelona. METODOS: Se realizó un estudio ecológico, observacional retrospectivo, con el barrio como unidad de población, basado en los datos publicados a fecha de 14 de mayo de 2020 sobre incidencia acumulada de Covid-19 confirmada por PCR. Se estimó la diferencia de incidencia de la Covid-19 en función de la renta de los barrios, la correlación lineal de Pearson de las distintas variables seleccionadas (edad, sexo, densidad neta, inmigrantes, comorbilidades, tabaquismo, Índice de Masa Corporal [IMC] e Índice de Renta Familiar Disponible [IRFD]) con la incidencia acumulada y se llevó a cabo un análisis multivariante mediante un Modelo Lineal Generalizado (GLM). RESULTADOS: Los barrios del quintil de menor renta presentaban un 42% más de incidencia que aquellos del quintil con más renta: 942 casos por cada 100.000 habitantes frente a los 545 casos por cada 100.000 habitantes. La correlación de Pearson se mostró estadísticamente significativa entre la incidencia de la Covid-19 y el porcentaje de población mayor de 75 años (r=0,487), el porcentaje de inmigrantes (r=-0,257) y el origen de dichos inmigrantes, el IRFD (r=-0,462), el porcentaje de fumadores (r=0,243) y de personas con un IMC mayor de 25 (r=0,483). En GLM las variables que más correlación tenían con la incidencia entre barrios eran el porcentaje de población mayor de 75 años (Z-score=0,258), el porcentaje de inmigrantes latinoamericanos (Z-score=0,19) y magrebíes (Z-score=-0,206), y el porcentaje de personas con IMC>25 (Z-score=0,334). Los resultados del GLM fueron estadísticamente significativos. CONCLUSIONES: Los determinantes sociales se correlacionan con una modificación de la incidencia de la Covid-19 en los barrios de Barcelona, con especial relevancia de la prevalencia de IMC>25 y del porcentaje de inmigrantes y de su origen.
Subject(s)
Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Social Determinants of Health , Adult , Betacoronavirus , Body Mass Index , COVID-19 , Emigrants and Immigrants , Emigration and Immigration , Female , Health Services Accessibility , Health Status Disparities , Healthcare Disparities , Humans , Incidence , Male , Middle Aged , Pandemics , Residence Characteristics , Retrospective Studies , SARS-CoV-2 , Smoking , Socioeconomic Factors , Spain/epidemiologyABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Los determinantes sociales tienen un gran impacto en la salud de las poblaciones. Es relevante estudiar su papel en la gestión de la epidemia de la Covid-19, especialmente en las ciudades, pues ciertas variables como el número de tests realizados o la disponibilidad de recursos sanitarios no se pueden asumir por igual. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar la relación de los determinantes sociales en la incidencia de la Covid-19 en Barcelona. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio ecológico, observacional retrospectivo, con el barrio como unidad de población, basado en los datos publicados a fecha de 14 de mayo de 2020 sobre incidencia acumulada de Covid-19 confirmada por PCR. Se estimó la diferencia de incidencia de la Covid-19 en función de la renta de los barrios, la correlación lineal de Pearson de las distintas variables seleccionadas (edad, sexo, densidad neta, inmigrantes, comorbilidades, tabaquismo, Índice de Masa Corporal [IMC] e Índice de Renta Familiar Disponible [IRFD]) con la incidencia acumulada y se llevó a cabo un análisis multivariante mediante un Modelo Lineal Generalizado (GLM). RESULTADOS: Los barrios del quintil de menor renta presentaban un 42% más de incidencia que aquellos del quintil con más renta: 942 casos por cada 100.000 habitantes frente a los 545 casos por cada 100.000 habitantes. La correlación de Pearson se mostró estadísticamente significativa entre la incidencia de la Covid-19 y el porcentaje de población mayor de 75 años (r=0,487), el porcentaje de inmigrantes (r=-0,257) y el origen de dichos inmigrantes, el IRFD (r=-0,462), el porcentaje de fumadores (r=0,243) y de personas con un IMC mayor de 25 (r=0,483). En GLM las variables que más correlación tenían con la incidencia entre barrios eran el porcentaje de población mayor de 75 años (Z-score=0,258), el porcentaje de inmigrantes latinoamericanos (Z-score=0,19) y magrebíes (Z-score=-0,206), y el porcentaje de personas con IMC>25 (Z-score=0,334). Los resultados del GLM fueron estadísticamente significativos. CONCLUSIONES: Los determinantes sociales se correlacionan con una modificación de la incidencia de la Covid-19 en los barrios de Barcelona, con especial relevancia de la prevalencia de IMC>25 y del porcentaje de inmigrantes y de su origen
OBJECTIVE: Social determinants and health inequalities have a huge impact on health of populations. It is important to study their role in the management of the Covid-19 epidemic, especially in cities, as certain variables like the number of tests and the access to health system cannot be assumed as equal. The aim of this work was to determine the relation of social determinants in the incidence of Covid-19 in the city of Barcelona. METHODS: An observational retrospective ecological study was performed, with the neighbourhood as the population unit, based on data of cumulative incidence published at May 14th, 2020 by the Public Health Agency of Barcelona. Covid-19 incidence disparities depending on the income of the neighbourhoods, the Pearson linear correlation of the variables selected (age, sex, net density, immigrants, comorbidities, smokers, Body Mass Index [BMI] and Available Income per Family Index [AIFI]) with the incidence and the correlation with a multivariant Generalized Linear Model (GLM) were estimated. RESULTS: It was found that neighbourhoods belonging to the lowest quintile of income had a 42% more incidence than those belonging to the highest quintile: 942 cases per 100,000 inhabitants versus 545 per 100,000 inhabitants of the highest quintile. The Pearson correlation was statistically significative between the incidence of Covid-19 and the percentage of population over 75 (r=0.487), the percentage of immigration of the neighbourhood and the origin of the immigrants (r=-0.257), the AIFI (r=-0.462), the percentage of smokers (r=0.243) and the percentage of people with BMI over 25 (r=0.483). The GLM showed that the most correlated variables with the incidence are the percentage of people over 75 (Z-score=0.258), the percentage of people from Maghreb (Z-score=-0.206) and Latin America (Z-score=0.19) and the percentage of people with BMI over 25 (Z-score=0.334). The results of the GLM were significative. CONCLUSIONS: Social determinants are correlated with the modification of the incidence of Covid-19 in the neighbourhoods of Barcelona, with special relevance of the prevalence of BMI over 25 and the percentage of immigrants and its origin
