The corticomuscular response to experimental pain via blood flow occlusion when applied to the ipsilateral and contralateral leg during an isometric force task.

Blood flow occlusion (BFO) has been previously used to investigate physiological responses to muscle ischemia, showing increased perceptual effort (RPE) and pain along with impaired neuromuscular performance. However, at present, it is unclear how BFO alters corticomuscular activities when either applied to the exercising or nonexercising musculature. The present study therefore set out to assess the corticomuscular response to these distinct BFO paradigms during an isometric contraction precision task. In a repeated measures design, fifteen participants (age = 27.00 ± 5.77) completed 15 isometric contractions across three experimental conditions; no occlusion (CNTRL), occlusion of the contralateral (i.e., nonexercising) limb (CON-OCC), and occlusion of the ipsilateral (i.e., exercising) limb (IPS-OCC). Measures of force, electroencephalographic (EEG), and electromyographic (EMG) were recorded during contractions. We observed that IPS-OCC broadly impaired force steadiness, elevated EMG of the vastus lateralis, and heightened RPE and pain. IPSI-OCC also significantly decreased corticomuscular coherence during the early phase of contraction and decreased EEG alpha activity across the sensorimotor and temporoparietal regions during the middle and late phases of contraction compared with CNTRL. By contrast, CON-OCC increased perceived levels of pain (but not RPE) and decreased EEG alpha activity across the prefrontal cortex during the middle and late phases of contraction, with no changes observed for EMG and force steadiness. Together, these findings highlight distinctive psychophysiological responses to experimental pain via BFO showing altered cortical activities (CON-OCC) and altered cortical, corticomuscular, and neuromuscular activities (IPS-OCC) when applied to the lower limbs during an isometric force precision task.

Comparison between conventional and neuronavigated strategies to assess corticospinal responsiveness in unfatigued and fatigued knee-extensor muscles.

In studying neuromuscular fatigability, researchers commonly use functional criteria to position and hold the transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coil during testing sessions. This could influence the magnitude of corticospinal excitability and inhibition responses due to imprecise and unsteady positions of the coil. To reduce coil position and orientation variability, neuronavigated TMS (nTMS) could be used. We evaluated the accuracy of nTMS and a standardized function-guided procedure for maintaining TMS coil position both in unfatigued and fatigued knee extensors. Eighteen participants (10F/8M) volunteered in two identical and randomized sessions. Maximal and submaximal neuromuscular evaluations were performed with TMS three times before (PRE_1) and three times after (PRE_2) a 2 min resting session and one time immediately after (POST) a 2-min sustained maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). The located "hotspot" [the location that evoked the largest motor-evoked potential (MEP) responses in the rectus femoris] was maintained either with or without nTMS. MEP, silent period (SP) and the distance between the "hotspot" and the actual coil position were recorded. A time × contraction intensity × testing session × muscle interaction was not observed for MEP, SP, and distance. Bland-Altman plots presented adequate agreements for MEP and SP. Spatial accuracy of TMS coil position over the motor cortex did not influence corticospinal excitability and inhibition in unfatigued and fatigued knee extensors. The variability in MEP and SP responses may be due to spontaneous fluctuations in corticospinal excitability and inhibition, and it is not altered by the spatial stability of the stimulation point.

A phase II study of pembrolizumab plus carboplatin in BRCA-related metastatic breast cancer (PEMBRACA).

BACKGROUND: BRCA1/2-related metastatic breast cancers (mBC) are sensitive to DNA-damage agents and show high tumor-infiltrated lymphocytes. We hypothesized that the association between pembrolizumab and carboplatin could be active in BRCA-related mBC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this phase II Simon's design multicenter single-arm study, BRCA1/2-related mBC patients received carboplatin at area under the curve 6 every 3 weeks for six courses associated with 200 mg pembrolizumab every 3 weeks until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary aim at first stage was overall response rate (ORR) ≥70%. Disease control rate (DCR), time to progression (TTP), duration of response (DOR), and overall survival (OS) were the secondary aims. RESULTS: Among 22 patients enrolled at the first stage, 5 BRCA1 and 17 BRCA2, 16 (76%) were luminal tumors and 6 (24%) triple-negative BC (TNBC). In 21 patients, ORR and DCR were 43% and 76% (47% and 87% in luminal, 33% and 50% in TNBC), respectively. TTP was 7.1 months, DOR was 6.3 months, and median OS was not reached. Grade ≥3 adverse events (AEs) or serious AEs occurred in 5/22 patients (22.7%). Since the primary aim was not met, the study was terminated at the first stage. CONCLUSIONS: Although the primary aim was not reached, data on efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab plus carboplatin in first-line visceral disease BRCA-related luminal mBC were provided and they need to be further investigated.

Retrospective study in clinical governance and financing system impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in the hand surgery and microsurgery HUB center.

INTRODUCTION: The authors presented a retrospective study in the surgical activity of the HUB center for Hand Surgery and Microsurgery in Emilia-Romagna comparing the data between March and April 2020, in the peak of Covid pandemic, with the same period in 2019. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During the two months period of March-April 2020 versus 2019 the authors analyzed the surgical procedures performed in elective and emergency surgery with hospitalization and Day or Outpatient surgery regime. Surgical treatments with no hospitalization were planned in the Day-Surgery Service. The financing system impacts were analyzed according to the Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG), the costs accounting method mostly used in European countries. RESULTS: An overall reduction of 68.5% was recorded in surgical procedures, with a more relevant reduction of 92.3% in elective surgery and a significantly less relevant reduction of 37.2% in urgent one. Replantation did not present a reduction in number of cases, while cutting lesions of tendons at the hand and fingers increased such as the bone and ligament injuries during domestic accidents. The negative impact in the financial system recorded a reduction of 32.5%. DISCUSSION: The epidemiology of hand trauma looks not only at the artisanal and industrial injuries, but also mostly at the accidents in daily life activities. The data of the study evidenced the significantly increase in the injuries occurring in the domestic environment. Elective surgery was canceled. The 86% of surgical procedures performed were urgent ones and the 72.8% of these were possible in Day and Outpatient surgery with significantly reduction in hospitalization. All procedures followed a rigid process for patient and healthcare workers with regard for personal protection and safety. Telemedicine was arranged in emergencies, and economic damage was analyzed also in the following rebound effect during summer period. CONCLUSIONS: The significantly less reduction recorded in urgent surgery vs the more relevant reduction in elective one showed how the hand injuries remained a major issue also during the lockdown. The data highlighted the relevant role of the organizational aspects of the surgical procedures and planning in hand trauma. Despite the financial impact of the elective surgery, the presence of a functional and skill Emergency Service and Day-Surgery Service resulted fundamental in the efficacy and efficiency of the patient management and in containment of economic damage. The telemedicine was significantly limited by liability and risk management issues.

Safety of assisted reproductive techniques in young women harboring germline pathogenic variants in BRCA1/2 with a pregnancy after prior history of breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Knowledge is growing on the safety of assisted reproductive techniques (ART) in cancer survivors. No data exist, however, for the specific population of breast cancer patients harboring germline BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a multicenter retrospective cohort study across 30 centers worldwide including women diagnosed at ≤40 years with stage I-III breast cancer, between January 2000 and December 2012, harboring known germline BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants. Patients included in this analysis had a post-treatment pregnancy either achieved through use of ART (ART group) or naturally (non-ART group). ART procedures included ovulation induction, ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and embryo transfer under hormonal replacement therapy. RESULTS: Among the 1424 patients registered in the study, 168 were eligible for inclusion in the present analysis, of whom 22 were in the ART group and 146 in the non-ART group. Survivors in the ART group conceived at an older age compared with those in the non-ART group (median age: 39.7 versus 35.4 years, respectively). Women in the ART group experienced more delivery complications compared with those in the non-ART group (22.1% versus 4.1%, respectively). No other apparent differences in obstetrical outcomes were observed between cohorts. The median follow-up from pregnancy was 3.4 years (range: 0.8-8.6 years) in the ART group and 5.0 years (range: 0.8-17.6 years) in the non-ART group. Two patients (9.1%) in the ART group experienced a disease-free survival event (specifically, a locoregional recurrence) compared with 40 patients (27.4%) in the non-ART group. In the ART group, no patients deceased compared with 10 patients (6.9%) in the non-ART group. CONCLUSION: This study provides encouraging safety data on the use of ART in breast cancer survivors harboring germline pathogenic variants in BRCA1/2, when natural conception fails or when they opt for ART in order to carry out preimplantation genetic testing.

Two-month stop in mammographic screening significantly impacts on breast cancer stage at diagnosis and upfront treatment in the COVID era.

INTRODUCTION: The present analysis aims to evaluate the consequences of a 2-month interruption of mammographic screening on breast cancer (BC) stage at diagnosis and upfront treatments in a region of Northern Italy highly affected by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. METHODS: This retrospective single-institution analysis compared the clinical pathological characteristics of BC diagnosed between May 2020 and July 2020, after a 2-month screening interruption, with BC diagnosed in the same trimester of 2019 when mammographic screening was regularly carried out. RESULTS: The 2-month stop in mammographic screening produced a significant decrease in in situ BC diagnosis (-10.4%) and an increase in node-positive (+11.2%) and stage III BC (+10.3%). A major impact was on the subgroup of patients with BC at high proliferation rates. Among these, the rate of node-positive BC increased by 18.5% and stage III by 11.4%. In the subgroup of patients with low proliferation rates, a 9.3% increase in stage III tumors was observed, although node-positive tumors remained stable. Despite screening interruption, procedures to establish a definitive diagnosis and treatment start were subsequently carried out without delay. CONCLUSION: Our data showed an increase in node-positive and stage III BC after a 2-month stop in BC screening. These findings support recommendations for a quick restoration of BC screening at full capacity, with adequate prioritization strategies to mitigate harm and meet infection prevention requirements.

Evidence for improved systemic and local vascular function after long-term passive static stretching training of the musculoskeletal system.

KEY POINTS: Vascular function and arterial stiffness are important markers of cardiovascular health and cardiovascular co-morbidity. Transitional phases of hypoemia and hypermia, with consequent fluctuations in shear rate, occuring during repetitive passive stretching adminstration (passive stretching training) may constitute an effective stimulus to induce an amelioration in vascular function, arterial stiffness and vascular remodelling by improving central and local blood flow control mechanisms. Vascular function, arterial stiffness and vascular remodelling were evaluated before and after 12 weeks of passive stretching training and after 6 weeks from training cessation, in the femoral, popliteal (treated with stretching), and brachial arteries (untreated) of both sides. After passive stretching training, vascular function and arterial remodelling improved, and arterial stiffness decreased in all the arteries, suggesting modifications of both central and local blood flow control mechanisms. Passive stretching-induced improvements related to central mechanisms seemed to have a short duration, as they returned to pre-training baseline within 6 weeks from training cessation, whereas those more related to a local mechanism persisted in the follow-up. ABSTRACT: Acute passive stretching (PS) effects on blood flow ( Q̇ ), shear rate ( Ẏ ), and vascular function in the feeding arteries of the stretched muscle have been extensively investigated; however, few data are available on vascular adjustments induced by long-term PS training. We investigated the effects of PS training on vascular function and stiffness of the involved (femoral and popliteal) and uninvolved (brachial) arteries. Our hypothesis was that PS-induced changes in Q̇ and Ẏ would improve central and local mechanisms of Q̇ control. Thirty-nine participants were randomly assigned to bilateral PS (n = 14), monolateral PS (n = 13) or no PS training (n = 12). Vascular function was measured before and after 12 weeks of knee extensor and plantar flexor muscles' PS training by single passive limb movement and flow-mediated dilatation (FMD). Central (carotid-femoral artery PWV, PWVCF ) and peripheral (carotid-radial artery PWV, PWVCR ) arterial stiffness was measured by pulse-wave velocity (PWV), together with systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure. After PS training, increases of 30%, 25% and 8% (P < 0.05) in femoral Δ Q̇ , popliteal and brachial artery FMD%, respectively, occurred in both PS training groups. A decrease in PWVCF , PWVCR , SBP and DBP (-25%, -17%, -4% and -8%, respectively; P < 0.05) was noted. No changes occurred in controls. Vascular function improved and arterial stiffness reduced in the arteries involved and uninvolved with PS training, suggesting modifications in both central and local Q̇ control mechanisms. PS-induced improvements had a short duration in some of vascular function parameters, as they returned to baseline within 6 weeks of PS training cessation.

Margen positivo (R1) en la biopsia intraoperatoria durante una gastrectomía total por cáncer gástrico / Positive margin (R1) in the intraoperative biopsy during a total gastrectomy for gastric cancer

Resumen El cáncer gástrico es una patología de alta incidencia en Chile. Afortunadamente es baja la incidencia de márgenes R1 cuando se realiza una cirugía con intención curativa. Al tener un tumor subcardial o cardial es perentorio realizar una biopsia rápida (intraoperatoria), en caso que ésta resulte positiva, es difícil tomar una decisión sobre qué realizar a continuación, ya que el realizar una esofagoyeyunoanastomosis intratorácica aumenta el riesgo quirúrgico. Para esto, es de suma importancia tener la información de las características histopatológicas del tumor, el riesgo de filtración, la recurrencia, la sobrevida, las terapias adyuvantes y la realidad país. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura con el fin de poder guiar la toma de decisiones.

Gastric cancer is a pathology with a high incidence in Chile, fortunately, the incidence of R1 margins is low when performing surgery with curative intent. When having a sub cardial or cardial tumor, it is essential to perform a rapid (intraoperative) biopsy, if this is positive when cutting the esophagus just under the pillars, it is difficult to make the decision of what to do next, since performing an inthrathoracic esophagojejunostomy increases the surgical risk. For this, it is very important to have information about the histopathological characteristics of the tumor, the leakage risk, there currence, the survival, the adjuvant therapies and the reality of the country. A review of the literature was done in order to guide the decisions.

Trace element fractionation through halite crystallisation: Geochemical mechanisms and environmental implications.

Halite is an important mineral for industry, agriculture and food production. It crystallises during water evaporation, and the progressive increase of dissolved metal ions in the brine occurs simultaneously. Thus, halite exploitation may deliver metal ions into the environment and the mechanism of this trace element accumulation has to be studied. In this work, we investigate the distribution of lanthanides and Y (hereafter called rare earth elements, REE), Zr and Hf between crystallising halite and brines in the Dead Sea as geochemical tools for recognising the mechanism of metal ion removal from brines and accumulation in halite. Halite forms cubic crystals where octahedral planes sometimes occur under particular thermal gradient conditions. Our findings indicate that crystal morphology influences the mechanism of metal ion removal from brines because octahedral surfaces are polar unlike those that are cubic. Accordingly, octahedra preferentially fractionate aqueous charged species such as [Hf(OH)5]-, compared to neutral species such as [Zr(OH)4]0. Cubic surfaces do not fractionate aqueous species. In crystal cores, positive Eu anomalies occur suggesting Eu substitution for Na in the lattice. This substitution is energetically justified by ab initio calculations. Hf enrichment relative to Zr also occurs in primary halite-rich evaporites. It is not found in cubic halite from saltworks. The results of this study suggest that primary halite kinetically crystallised from brines can concentrate dissolved metal ions onto crystal surfaces where dissolved charged species are adsorbed. Accordingly, the dissolution of halite due to human activity can release these metal ions to the environment.

NUT midline carcinoma of the head and neck: current perspectives.

NUT midline carcinoma (NMC) is a rare and aggressive subtype of squamous carcinoma that typically arises from midline supradiaphragmatic structures, frequently from the head and neck area. NMC is genetically driven by a chromosomal rearrangement involving the NUT gene, which forms oncoproteins considered major pathogenic drivers of cellular transformation. Diagnosis of NMC has been made remarkably easier with the availability of a commercial antibody against NUT, and can be established through positive nuclear immunohistochemical staining. Although NMC remains an underrecognized malignancy, in recent years there has appeared to be increasing awareness of disease and frequency of diagnosis in adults. To date, a standard treatment for head and neck NMC has not been established and a multimodal approach with systemic chemotherapy, surgery and radiation therapy is currently adopted in clinical practice. Recently, BET inhibitors and histone deacetylase inhibitors have emerged as two promising classes of targeted agents, currently investigated in clinical trials for adults with head and neck NMC. At the same time, combination approaches and novel targeted agents, such as next-generation BET inhibitors and CDK9 inhibitors, have shown preclinical activity. The present review explores the clinical pathological characteristics of NMC of the head and neck and presents the current state of the art on diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of this rare but lethal disease.

In vivo and in vitro evidence that intrinsic upper- and lower-limb skeletal muscle function is unaffected by ageing and disuse in oldest-old humans.

AIM: To parse out the impact of advanced ageing and disuse on skeletal muscle function, we utilized both in vivo and in vitro techniques to comprehensively assess upper- and lower-limb muscle contractile properties in 8 young (YG; 25 ± 6 years) and 8 oldest-old mobile (OM; 87 ± 5 years) and 8 immobile (OI; 88 ± 4 years) women. METHODS: In vivo, maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), electrically evoked resting twitch force (RT), and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) of the quadriceps and elbow flexors were assessed. Muscle biopsies of the vastus lateralis and biceps brachii facilitated the in vitro assessment of single fibre-specific tension (Po). RESULTS: In vivo, compared to the young, both the OM and OI exhibited a more pronounced loss of MVC in the lower limb [OM (-60%) and OI (-75%)] than the upper limb (OM = -51%; OI = -47%). Taking into account the reduction in muscle PCSA (OM = -10%; OI = -18%), only evident in the lower limb, by calculating voluntary muscle-specific force, the lower limb of the OI (-40%) was more compromised than the OM (-13%). However, in vivo, RT in both upper and lower limbs (approx. 9.8 N m cm(-2) ) and Po (approx. 123 mN mm(-2) ), assessed in vitro, implies preserved intrinsic contractile function in all muscles of the oldest-old and were well correlated (r = 0.81). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that in the oldest-old, neither advanced ageing nor disuse, per se, impacts intrinsic skeletal muscle function, as assessed in vitro. However, in vivo, muscle function is attenuated by age and exacerbated by disuse, implicating factors other than skeletal muscle, such as neuromuscular control, in this diminution of function.

Síntomas laríngeos y laringitis posterior: ¿siempre es secundario a reflujo gastroesofágico? / Association of gastroesophageal reflux with posterior laryngitis. study of 43 patients

El reflujo gastroesofágico (RGE) ha sido asociado como causa de laringitis posterior, sin embargo, la evidencia sobre esto es controversial. El objetivo principal es establecer si los pacientes con síntomas y diagnóstico de laringitis posterior, se correlacionan con la existencia de RGE ácido patológico. Objetivo secundario es el estudio del valor predictivo de cada síntoma laríngeo para reflujo ácido patológico...

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is syndicated as a cause of posterior laryngitis. However the evidence for the association is weak. Aim: To determine if the presence of posterior laryngitis is associated with GER.

Passive leg movement-induced hyperaemia with a spinal cord lesion: evidence of preserved vascular function.

UNLABELLED: A spinal cord injury (SCI) clearly results in greater cardiovascular risk; however, accompanying changes in peripheral vascular structure below the lesion mean that the real impact of a SCI on vascular function is unclear. AIM: Therefore, utilizing passive leg movement-induced (PLM) hyperaemia, an index of nitric oxide (NO)-dependent vascular function and the central hemodynamic response to this intervention, we studied eight individuals with a SCI and eight age-matched controls (CTRL). METHODS: Specifically, we assessed heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), mean arterial pressure (MAP), leg blood flow (LBF) and thigh composition. RESULTS: In CTRL, passive movement transiently decreased MAP and increased HR and CO from baseline by 2.5 ± 1 mmHg, 7 ± 2 bpm and 0.5 ± 0.1 L min(-1) respectively. In SCI, HR and CO responses were unidentifiable. LBF increased to a greater extent in CTRL (515 ± 41 ∆mL min(-1)) compared with SCI, (126 ± 25 ∆mL min(-1)) (P < 0.05). There was a strong relationship between ∆LBF and thigh muscle volume (r = 0.95). After normalizing ∆LBF for this strong relationship (∆LBF/muscle volume), there was evidence of preserved vascular function in SCI (CTRL: 120 ± 9; SCI 104 ± 11 mL min(-1) L(-1)). A comparison of ∆LBF in the passively moved and stationary leg, to partition the contribution of the blood flow response, implied that 35% of the hyperaemia resulted from cardioacceleration in the CTRL, whereas all the hyperaemia appeared peripheral in origin in the SCI. CONCLUSION: Thus, utilizing PLM-induced hyperaemia as marker of vascular function, it is evident that peripheral vascular impairment is not an obligatory accompaniment to a SCI.

Muscle mass and peripheral fatigue: a potential role for afferent feedback?

AIM: The voluntary termination of exercise has been hypothesized to occur at a sensory tolerance limit, which is affected by feedback from group III and IV muscle afferents, and is associated with a specific level of peripheral quadriceps fatigue during whole body cycling. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to reduce the amount of muscle mass engaged during dynamic leg exercise to constrain the source of muscle afferent feedback to the central nervous system (CNS) and examine the effect on peripheral quadriceps fatigue. METHOD: Eight young males performed exhaustive large (cycling - BIKE) and small (knee extensor - KE) muscle mass dynamic exercise at 85% of the modality-specific maximal workload. Pre- vs. post-exercise maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) and supramaximal magnetic femoral nerve stimulation (Q(tw,pot)) were used to quantify peripheral quadriceps fatigue. RESULT: Significant quadriceps fatigue was evident following both exercise trials; however, the exercise-induced changes in MVC (-28 ± 1% vs. -16 ± 2%) and Q(tw,pot) (-53 ± 2% vs. -34 ± 2%) were far greater following KE compared to BIKE exercise, respectively. The greater degree of quadriceps fatigue following KE exercise was in proportion to the greater exercise time (9.1 ± 0.4 vs. 6.3 ± 0.5 min, P < 0.05), suggestive of a similar rate of peripheral fatigue development. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that when the source of skeletal muscle afferent feedback is confined to a small muscle mass, the CNS tolerates a greater magnitude of peripheral fatigue and likely a greater intramuscular metabolic disturbance. An important implication of this finding is that the adoption of small muscle mass exercise may facilitate greater exercise-induced muscular adaptation.

Factores de riesgo de presentar una complicación postoperatoria en pacientes operados de urgencia por patología herniaria / Risk factors for complications and mortality after emergency surgery for complicated hernias

Background: Thirteen percent of hernias require emergency surgery and of these, approximately 14 percent require an intestinal excision. Aim: To identify risk factors for postoperative complications after emergency surgical treatment of complicated hernias. Material and Methods: Using surgical room registries, all patients subjected to emergency surgery for complicated hernias between 2004 and 2008 were identified and their medical records were reviewed. Follow up was performed using data from hospital and outpatient medical records. Results: One hundred fifty two patients were identified but four were discarded due to lack of complete records. Therefore, 148 patients aged 24 to 95 years (104 females) were analyzed. Forty patients had postoperative complications (27 percent) and six died (4 percent). Obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, III or IV, were identified as risk factors for complications. Logistic regression only accepted hypertension as a risk factor with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.35 (95 percent confidence intervals (CI) 1.04-5.3). The predictors for mortality were obesity, hypertension, an ASA classification of III or IV and having a strangulated hernia. Logistic regression only accepted having a strangulated hernia as an independent risk factor with an OR of 16.4 (95 percent CI 1.6-167.7). Conclusions: Hypertension and having a strangulated hernia are risk factors for complications and mortality after emergency surgery for complicated hernias.

Introducción: Obteniendo los factores de riesgo de morbimortalidad postoperatoria, al tratar una hernia complicada de urgencia, podríamos definir mejor su tratamiento. Objetivo principal: Identificar los factores de riesgo de morbilidad postoperatoria en pacientes operados de urgencia por una hernia complicada en el Hospital Base de Osorno (HBO). Material y Método: Cohorte retrospectiva. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 14 años operados por patología hemiaria complicada en el servicio de urgencia del HBO entre los años 2004 y 2008. Se excluyeron aquellos que no contaron con datos en las variables de interés. Se realizó un análisis bivariado y una regresión logística. Medida de riesgo: odds ratio (OR). Intervalo de confianza 95 por ciento. Stata 10.0. Resultados: La cohorte incluyó 148 pacientes. Mediana de edad 66 años (24-95). La morbilidad y mortalidad postoperatoria fue un 27,02 por ciento (40 pacientes) y 4,05 por ciento (6 pacientes) respectivamente. Las variables obesidad, hipertensión arterial (HTA), diabetes mellitus (DM) y el tener un ASA III-IV resultaron ser significativas (p < 0,05) para morbilidad postoperatoria en el análisis bivariado. En la regresión logística, sólo el ser hipertenso resultó ser un factor de riesgo (OR: 2,35, IC 95 por ciento: 1,04-5,30). Los factores de riesgo para mortalidad que resultaron significativos en el análisis bivariado fueron ser obeso, hipertenso, presentar un ASA de III-IV y presentar hernia estrangulada (p < 0,05). En el análisis multivariado sólo el presentar una hernia estrangulada fue un factor de riesgo (OR: 16,4, IC 95 por ciento: 1,59-167,76). Conclusión: Ser hipertenso y la presencia de necrosis en el saco hemiario son factores de morbilidad y mortalidad postoperatoria respectivamente en el paciente que se opera por una hernia complicada de urgencia.

Hiperplasia ductal atípica en paciente portador de ginecomastia: caso clínico / Atypical ductal hyperplasia in a male patient with gynecomastia: case report

Atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) is characterized by a proliferation of uniform epithelial cells with monomorphic round nuclei filling part but not all of the involved duct. It is a known risk factor for breast cancer. We report a 16 years old male presenting with gynecomastia, which was surgically excised. The pathological study of the surgical piece revealed an ADH without evidence of infiltrating carcinoma. After 19 months of follow up, the patient is in good conditions.

Reportamos el caso de un paciente intervenido por una ginecomastia idiopática que presentó como hallazgo histológico una zona de la mama con hiperplasia ductal atípica. Se presentan sus características clinicas, y las imágenes histológicas con detalles de la pieza quirúrgica. Se revisa el tema y llama la atención la escasa ocurrencia de estos hallazgos, no habiendo en la literatura nacional casos similares publicados.

Tumor sólido-pseudopapilar del páncreas presentación de 3 casos clínicos / Solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas presentation of 3 clinical cases

El tumor sólido-pseudopapilar del páncreas (TSPP) es una neoplasia infrecuente (1-2% de los tumores exocrinos), que afecta predominantemente a mujeres jóvenes, con bajo potencial de malignidad (15% da metástasis). Su diagnóstico preoperatorio es difícil, principalmente debido a que a la imagenología no tiene una característica que la pueda diferenciar de otros quistes pancreáticos, por lo que generalmente es un hallazgo histopatológico. El tratamiento quirúrgico presenta buena sobrevida, incluso en presencia de metástasis. Presentamos 3 casos con cuadro clínico, imagenología, tratamiento e histopatología, con el fin de aportar más información, sobre esta infrecuente patología.

The solid-pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas (TSPP) are a uncommon neoplasm (1-2% of exocrine tumors). Are more frequent in young women and presents a low malignant potential (15% develop metastases). Its preoperative diagnosis is very difficult, because these tumors haven`t radiological features that makes distinguish from the other pancreatic cysts tumors. Usually are a histopathological finding. Surgical therapy provides good survival, even in the presence of metastases. We present 3 cases with clinical, imaging, treatment and histopathology to provide more information about this rare disease.

Hernias de pared abdominal complicadas operadas de urgencia mediante una hernioplastía con malla: factores de riesgo de morbilidad postoperatoria / Complicated abdominal wall hernias operated emergency through a hernioplasty with mesh: risk factors for postoperative morbidity

Introducción: Actualmente, no se conocen los factores de riesgo de morbimortalidad postoperatoria en los pacientes que son intervenidos por una hernia de pared abdominal complicada operada de urgencia mediante una hernioplastía con malla. El objetivo principal es determinar los factores de riesgo de presentar una complicación durante el postoperatorio, en pacientes operados de urgencia con diagnóstico de hernia de pared abdominal complicada mediante una hernioplastía con malla en el Hospital Base Osorno (HBO) entre los años 2002 y 2008. Material y métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva. Se seleccionaron los pacientes mayores de 14 años operados por patología herniaria del registro de cirugías del Servicio de Urgencia del Hospital Base Osorno (HBO) entre los años 2002 y 2008. Se excluyeron a aquellos operados sin malla. Se estimó el riesgo, mediante Odds ratio (OR) y su intervalo de confianza 95 por ciento. Software utilizado: Stata 10.0. Resultados: La cohorte incluyó 52 pacientes, mediana de edad 64 años (26-85). El 50 por ciento (26 pacientes) fueron de sexo masculino. La ubicación herniaria más frecuente fue la inguinal con 23 casos (44,23 por ciento). 49 (94,23 por ciento) hernias se catalogaron como atascadas y 3 (5,77 por ciento) como estranguladas. Morbilidad operatoria 17,31 por ciento (9 pacientes). Mediana de seguimiento, 32 (5-90) meses. Sólo la instalación de drenaje resultó ser significativa (p<0,05), esta variable resultó tener un OR de 4,7 (IC 95 por ciento:1,09-20,79). Conclusión: En este estudio la instalación de un drenaje al reparar una hernia de pared abdominal complicada con malla, actuaría como factor de riesgo de presentar una complicación durante el postoperatorio.

Introduction: Currently, there are no known risk factors for postoperative complications and mortality in patients who are undergoing surgery for a complicated abdominal wall hernia operated emergency through a hernioplasty with mesh. The main objective is to determine the risk factors for presenting a complication during the postoperative period in patients undergoing emergency with a diagnosis of complicated abdominal wall hernia by a hernioplasty with mesh in the Base Hospital Osorno (HBO) between the years 2002 and 2008. Material and methods: retrospective cohort study. We selected patients older than 14 years operated by hernial pathology of the registration of surgeries of the Emergency Service at the Hospital Base Osorno (HBO) between the years 2002 and 2008. We excluded those operated without mesh. It was felt the risk, using odds ratio (OR) and its confidence interval of 95 percent Software used: Stata 10.0. Results: The cohort included 52 patients, median age 64 years (26-85). The 50 percent (26 patients) were male. The most frequent location hernia was the groin with 23 cases (44.23 percent). 49 (94.23 percent) hernias were catalogd as stuck and 3 (5.77 percent) as being strangled. Operative morbidity 17.31 percent (9 patients). Median follow-up, 32 (5-90 percent) months. Only the installation of drainage turned out to be significant (p<0.05 ), this variable was found to have an OR of 4.7 (IC 95 percent:1,09-20,79). Conclusion: In this study, the installation of a drain after to repair an complicated abdominal wall hernia with mesh would act as a risk factor for presenting a complication during the postoperative period.