Antibiotic resistance of uropathogens among the community-dwelling pregnant and nonpregnant female: a step towards antibiotic stewardship.

BACKGROUND: Indiscriminate and widespread use of antibiotics has resulted in emergence of many antibiotic-resistant organisms. Antibiotic administration during pregnancy is mostly avoided, unless there is compelling medical condition. We hypothesized that the uropathogens isolated from pregnant women would be more susceptible to antibiotics compared to those isolated from nonpregnant women, thus will be helpful in formulating separate empiric guideline for pregnant women based on the resistance pattern. METHODS: This was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted over a period of 2 years in which females with the clinical diagnosis of either cystitis or asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy were included from the community settings. Uropathogen species and their antimicrobial resistance pattern were compared between the pregnant and nonpregnant groups. After accounting for centre-to-centre variation and adjusting for age and socio-economic status, the adjusted odds ratio for antibiotic resistance was calculated and compared between pregnant and nonpregnant women using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 1758 women (pregnant: 43.3%; nonpregnant: 56.6%) were screened in the study over a period of 2 years, out of which 9.3% (163/1758) were having significant bacteriuria. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the two commonest uropathogen in both the groups; their prevalence being 83.6% in pregnant women and 85.2% in nonpregnant women, respectively. Resistance against ampicillin, cefixime, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid were found significantly lower in the pregnant women compared to nonpregnant. After adjusting the age and socio-economic status accounting for centre-to-centre variation, the odds of resistance for cefixime, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and co-trimoxazole were found lower and statistically significant among the pregnant women group. CONCLUSIONS: The antimicrobial resistance was significantly higher among the community-dwelling nonpregnant women compared to pregnant women in case of few antibiotics. The study highlighted the need of building local antibiogram that could help to initiate the empirical treatment and thus prevent emergence of antimicrobial resistance.

Culture-Independent Raman Spectroscopic Identification of Bacterial Pathogens from Clinical Samples Using Deep Transfer Learning.

The rapid identification of bacterial pathogens in clinical samples like blood, urine, pus, and sputum is the need of the hour. Conventional bacterial identification methods like culturing and nucleic acid-based amplification have limitations like poor sensitivity, high cost, slow turnaround time, etc. Raman spectroscopy, a label-free and noninvasive technique, has overcome these drawbacks by providing rapid biochemical signatures from a single bacterium. Raman spectroscopy combined with chemometric methods has been used effectively to identify pathogens. However, a robust approach is needed to utilize Raman features for accurate classification while dealing with complex data sets such as spectra obtained from clinical isolates, showing high sample-to-sample heterogeneity. In this study, we have used Raman spectroscopy-based identification of pathogens from clinical isolates using a deep transfer learning approach at the single-cell level resolution. We have used the data-augmentation method to increase the volume of spectra needed for deep-learning analysis. Our ResNet model could specifically extract the spectral features of eight different pathogenic bacterial species with a 99.99% classification accuracy. The robustness of our model was validated on a set of blinded data sets, a mix of cultured and noncultured bacterial isolates of various origins and types. Our proposed ResNet model efficiently identified the pathogens from the blinded data set with high accuracy, providing a robust and rapid bacterial identification platform for clinical microbiology.

Virulence gene mutations as a differentiator of clinical phenotypes: insights from community-acquired uropathogenic Escherichia coli.

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) remains an important cause of urinary tract infection during pregnancy. Multiple molecular virulence determinants and antibiotic resistant genes facilitate its pathogenesis and virulence phenotype. Hence it is hypothesized that there will be considerable variation in genes among the isolates from symptomatic as well as asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to decipher the genetic variation among the two phenotypes. Six different UPEC isolates collected from urine specimens of consecutive pregnant females (five, symptomatic bacteriuria and one, ABU) were tested for their growth kinetics, and biofilm formation. A total of 87 virulence determinants and 56 antibiotic resistance genes were investigated using whole-genome sequencing, to identify putative drives of virulence phenotype. In this analysis, we identified eight different types of fully functional toxin antitoxin (TA) systems [HipAB, YefM-YoeB, YeeU-YeeV (CbtA), YhaV-PrlF, ChpBS, HigAB, YgiUT and HicAB] in the isolates from symptomatic bacteriuria; whereas partially functional TA system with mutations were observed in the asymptomatic one. Isolates of both the groups showed equivalent growth characteristics and biofilm-formation ability. Genes for an iron transport system (Efe UOB system, Fhu system except FhuA) were observed functional among all symptomatic and asymptomatic isolates, however functional mutations were observed in the latter group. Gene YidE was observed predominantly associated with the biofilm formation along with few other genes (BssR, BssS, YjgK, etc.). This study outlines putative critical relevance of specific variations in the genes for the TA system, biofilm formation, cell adhesion and colonization among UPEC isolates from symptomatic and asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women. Further functional genomic study in the same cohort is warranted to establish the pathogenic role of these genes.

Phylogenetic diversity of Orientia tsutsugamushi isolates in patients with scrub typhus in Bengaluru, India.

Scrub typhus has re-emerged as an important cause of acute febrile illness in India. There is a dearth of information on strain diversity of Orientia tsutsugamushi from Karnataka, India, hence the present study sought to address this issue. One hundred clinically suspected cases of scrub typhus/rickettsiosis (as per the DHR-ICMR guidelines) were included. Nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for 56-kDa gene and phylogenetic analysis was performed. PCR was positive in 22 cases and phylogenetic analysis showed the presence of different strains, with predominance of clustering (57%) with Gilliam-type for the first time in Karnataka. Knowledge of genetic diversity has implications in development of diagnostics and vaccine.

Diagnostic potential of 16 kDa (HspX, α-crystalline) antigen for serodiagnosis of tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Tuberculosis (TB) is a public health problem worldwide. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of tuberculosis is crucial to facilitate early treatment of infectious cases and to reduce its spread. The present study was aimed to evaluation of 16 kDa antigen as a serodiagnostic tool in pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis patients in an effort to improve diagnostic algorithm for tuberculosis. METHODS: In this study, 200 serum samples were collected from smear positive and culture confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis patients, 30 tubercular pleural effusions and 21 tubercular meningitis (TBM) patients. Serum samples from 36 healthy, age matched controls (hospital staff), along with 60 patients with non-tubercular respiratory diseases were also collected and evaluated. Humoral response (both IgG and IgA) was looked for 16 kDa antigen using indirect ELISA. RESULTS: Sensitivity of detection in various categories of pulmonary TB patients ranged between 73.8 and 81.2 per cent. While in the extra-pulmonary TB samples the sensitivity was 42.8 per cent (TBM) and 63.3 per cent (tubercular pleural effusion). The test specificity in both the groups was high (94.7%). All of the non-disease controls were negative. Among non-tubercular disease controls, five patients gave a positive humoral response against 16 kDa. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: Serodiagnostic tests for TB have always had drawbacks of suboptimal sensitivity and specificity. The antigen used in this study gave encouraging results in pulmonary TB only, while in extra-pulmonary TB (tubercular meningitis and tubercular pleural effusion), this has shown a limited role in terms of sensitivity. Further work is required to validate its role in serodiagnosis of TB especially extra-pulmonary TB.