Viability of Moniliophthora roreri on Cocoa Beans Under Microfermentation and Long-Term Survival on Carrier Materials.

The viability of Moniliophthora roreri inoculum was evaluated during the microfermentation process of diseased and healthy pulp-seed masses and on a range of carrier materials: aluminum, cloth, glass, paper, plastic, raffia, and rubber tire. Fungal survival was assessed before the microfermentation (0 h) and every 24 to 96 h by the growth of colonies in potato-dextrose-agar (PDA) and sporulation in seed shells. Colonies of M. roreri and sporulation on seed shells were observed from seeds not submitted to microfermentation. No growth was recovered from diseased cocoa beans after 48 h under the microfermentation. The viability of M. roreri spores recovered from carrier materials was evaluated at 7, 15, 30, 45, and 100 days after inoculation (DAI) by collecting spores and plating them on Sabouraud dextrose yeast extract agar amended with chloramphenicol (50 mg l1). The viability was determined by counting germinated and ungerminated spores under a light microscope (40×) after incubating in a moist chamber at 26 ± 2°C for 72 h. Spores maintained long-term viability on all tested carrier materials toward the end of the experiment (overall 26%) with significant differences (<0.05) among them. Maximum spore viability occurred at 7 and 15 DAI, with cloth and plastic carrier materials considered at high risk of acting as vehicles for the fungal spread. Mathematical models of spore viability over time were fit to the data using the Bayesian information criterion. Findings confirmed the importance of the fermentation process to hamper M. roreri growth and the potential of carrier materials for fungal dispersal.

Potenciación de la efectividad en tiros libres de basquetbolistas juveniles: vinculación biomecánica / Strengthening the effectiveness in free throws of young basketball players: Biomechanical linking

Introducción: El baloncesto es un deporte de conjunto en el que cada acción está encaminada a anotar puntos, una de esas acciones son los tiros libres que no posee un modelo oficial estándar para sus lanzamientos, pero es posible determinar patrones en cada tiro según el estilo del jugador. Objetivo: Medir la influencia del entrenamiento con referencias biomecánicas en la efectividad del tiro libre a partir del establecimiento de un patrón ideal de los tiros efectivos del basquetbolista. Métodos: Se empleó un test inicial de efectividad de tiros libres con carga, del cual a su vez se obtuvo las variables biomecánicas de análisis, posterior a éste se dio conciencia de los resultados con el modelo de lanzamiento más efectivo a cada jugador, modelo empleado para el entrenamiento durante cinco sesiones, finalmente se tomó el mismo test de efectividad de tiro libre con carga en un segundo momento. El estudio se realizó a 12 basquetbolistas del equipo juvenil femenino del Club Roosters de Guayaquil, Ecuador. Resultados: Al finalizar la intervención se encontró que al finalizar el micro ciclo de 5 sesiones de entrenamiento el equipo presentó un ligero incremento en la efectividad en un 59 por ciento en el test inicial a 67por ciento en el test final. La comparación de la efectividad antes y después de implementada la propuesta fue significativa (p=0,021), existiendo correlaciones lineales positivas y negativas entre las variables rendimiento final y las variables biomecánicas estudiadas. Conclusiones: Se comprueba que el modelo propuesto resulta beneficioso a corto plazo pese a no representar grandes cambios en las correlaciones lineales positivas y negativas. En el caso de la efectividad de los tiros libres se comprobó mejoras significativas(AU)

Introduction: Basketball is a sport in which each action is aimed at scoring points, one of those forms are free throws that do not have a standard official model for their throws, but it is possible to determine patterns in each shot according to player with greater or lesser effectiveness. Objective: To measure the training influence with biomechanical references on the free throw effectiveness from establishment of an ideal pattern of the effective shots. Methods: An initial test of free throws effectiveness with load was used, which in turn was obtained the analysis biomechanical variables, after this one was aware of results with the most effective launch model for each player, same as it was used for five sessions training, finally the same free throw effectiveness test was taken with load. The study was carried out on 12 basketball players from girls' youth team of Guayaquil Roosters Club, Ecuador. Results: At the intervention end it was found of micro cycle of 5 training sessions in general the team presented a slight increase in effectiveness from 59 percent in the initial test to 67 percent in the final test. The effectiveness before and after comparison of proposal implementation was significant (p = 0.021), there being positive and negative linear correlations between final performance and biomechanical variables studied. Conclusions: It is proven that the proposed model is beneficial in short term, despite not representing large changes in positive and negative linear correlations. In the case of free throws effectiveness, significant improvements were found(AU)

Revealing the Diversity of Introduced Coffea canephora Germplasm in Ecuador: Towards a National Strategy to Improve Robusta.

Genetic resources of Coffea canephora have been introduced in several tropical countries with potential for crop development. In Ecuador, the species has been cultivated since the mid-20th century. However, little is known about the diversity and genetic structure of introduced germplasm. This paper provides an overview of the genetic and phenotypic diversity of C. canephora in Ecuador and some proposals for implementing a breeding program. Twelve SSR markers were used to analyze 1491 plants of C. canephora grown in different living collections in Ecuador, compared to 29 genotypes representing the main genetic and geographic diversity groups identified within the species. Results indicated that most of the genotypes introduced are of Congolese origin, with accessions from both main subgroups, SG1 and SG2. Some genotypes were classed as hybrids between both subgroups. Substantial phenotypic diversity was also found, and correlations were observed with genetic diversity. Ecuadorian Robusta coffee displays wide genetic diversity and we propose some ways of improving Robusta in Ecuador. A breeding program could be based on three operations: the choice of elite clones, the introduction of new material from other countries (Ivory Coast, Uganda), and the creation of new hybrid material using genotypes from the different diversity groups.