Patient actor training improves preexposure prophylaxis delivery for adolescent girls and young women in Kenya: a cluster randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate effectiveness of a standardized patient actor (SP) training intervention to improve quality of preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) services for adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in Kenya. DESIGN: Cluster randomized trial and mystery shopper evaluation. METHODS: Twelve of 24 maternal child health and family planning facilities were randomized to SP training. Providers at intervention facilities participated in 2-day training in adolescent health, PrEP guidelines, values clarification, and communication skills, followed by role-playing and de-briefing with trained actors. Control facilities received standard national training. The primary outcome was quality of care, assessed by unannounced SPs (USPs) or "mystery shoppers" blinded to intervention arm. Quality was measured in two domains: guideline adherence and communication skills. Intent to treat analysis compared postintervention quality scores by randomization arm, clustering on facility, and adjusting for baseline scores and USP. RESULTS: Overall, 232 providers consented to USP visits, and 94 providers completed the training. Following training, USPs posed as AGYW seeking PrEP in 142 encounters (5-6 encounters per site). The mean quality score was 73.6% at intervention sites and 58.4% at control sites [adjusted mean difference = 15.3, 95% confidence interval (CI): 9.4-21.1, P  < 0.001]. Mean guideline adherence scores were 57.2% at intervention sites and 36.2% at control sites (adjusted mean difference = 21.0, 95% CI: 12.5-29.4, P  < 0.001). Mean communication scores were 90.0% at intervention sites and 80.5% at control sites (adjusted mean difference = 9.5, 95% CI: 5.5-13.6, P  < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: SP training significantly improved quality of PrEP care for AGYW in Kenya. Incorporating SP training and unannounced SP evaluation could improve PrEP uptake among AGYW.

"Pharmacies are Everywhere, and You can get it at any Time": Experiences With Pharmacy-Based PrEP Delivery Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Kisumu, Kenya.

INTRODUCTION: Many Kenyan adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) with behaviors associated with HIV acquisition access contraception at retail pharmacies. Offering oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in pharmacies could help reach AGYW with PrEP services. METHODS: We piloted PrEP delivery at 3 retail pharmacies in Kisumu, Kenya. AGYW purchasing contraception were offered PrEP by nurses with remote prescriber oversight. AGYW who accepted were provided with a free 1-month supply. We conducted in-depth interviews with AGYW 30 days postobtaining PrEP. Transcripts were analyzed to explore experiences of AGYW accessing PrEP at pharmacies. RESULTS: We conducted 41 interviews. AGYW preferred pharmacies for accessing PrEP and they were willing to pay for PrEP even if available for free at clinics. Reasons for this preference included accessibility, lack of queues, and medication stockouts, privacy, anonymity, autonomy, and high-quality counseling from our study nurses. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacies may be an important PrEP access option for this population.

Prenatal Alcohol Counseling Among American Indian and Alaska Native Women and Non-Hispanic White Women in the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System.

OBJECTIVE: Universal screening and counseling are recommended for alcohol use during pregnancy, but no prior study has examined differences in prenatal counseling by race or ethnicity. We used Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) data to assess differences in provision of counseling on prenatal alcohol use between American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) and non-Hispanic White (NHW) women during prenatal care. METHODS: We analyzed data from 2014-2015 from the four PRAMS states with the highest number of births to AI/AN women: Alaska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Washington. We estimated the prevalence of prenatal alcohol use, associated risk factors, and prenatal alcohol prevention counseling for AI/AN (n = 1,805) and NHW (n = 5,641) women. We then conducted multivariable logistic regression modeling stratified by race to estimate factors associated with receipt of prenatal alcohol prevention counseling. All analyses were weighted and accounted for the complex sampling design of PRAMS. RESULTS: Results showed that AI/AN women were counseled on prenatal alcohol use more often than NHW women (77% vs. 67%, p < .05), although the likelihood of any prenatal alcohol use was the same in both groups. The likelihood of prenatal drinking increased with age, education, and income in both groups. Higher education levels were significantly associated with lower risk of prenatal alcohol counseling receipt among AI/AN women. Compared with those with less than a high school diploma, AI/AN women with a college degree or more had 39% reduced risk of receiving counseling (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] = 0.61; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.45-0.83). Among NHW women, living at 100% to 199% of the Federal Poverty Level was associated with lower risk (aRR = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.79-0.98) of counseling receipt compared with women living below the federal poverty line. Higher parity was significantly associated with lower risk of counseling for both groups of women. CONCLUSION: Although race was not associated with prenatal alcohol use, AI/AN women were more likely than NHW women to be counseled about prenatal alcohol exposure. Factors associated with counseling receipt differed between the two groups. These findings suggest that receipt of counseling is associated with sociodemographic characteristics, and that counseling is not universally provided. More efforts to provide universal counseling are warranted.

The determinants of planetary health: an Indigenous consensus perspective.

Indigenous Peoples have resiliently weathered continued assaults on their sovereignty and rights throughout colonialism and its continuing effects. Indigenous Peoples' sovereignty has been strained by the increasing effects of global environmental change within their territories, including climate change and pollution, and by threats and impositions against their land and water rights. This continuing strain against sovereignty has prompted a call to action to conceptualise the determinants of planetary health from a perspective that embodied Indigenous-specific methods of knowledge gathering from around the globe. A group of Indigenous scholars, practitioners, land and water defenders, respected Elders, and knowledge-holders came together to define the determinants of planetary health from an Indigenous perspective. Three overarching levels of interconnected determinants, in addition to ten individual-level determinants, were identified as being integral to the health and sustainability of the planet, Mother Earth.