Periparturient blood T-lymphocyte PD-1 and CTLA-4 expression as potential predictors of new intramammary infections in dairy cows during early lactation (short communication).

BACKGROUND: The periparturient period in dairy cows is marked by immunosuppression which increases the likelihood of infectious disorders, particularly also mastitis. An in-depth understanding of peripartum leukocyte biology is vital for the implementation of highly successful post-partum disease prevention measures. Immune checkpoint molecules, such as programmed death 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), are critical inhibitory receptors expressed on immune cells, particularly T cells, that drive immunosuppressive signaling pathways. However, the potential role of immune checkpoint molecules expression in T-cells on udder health has never been explored. Thus, the association between the occurrence of new postpartum intramammary infections (IMIs) and the expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) on blood T-cells during the peripartum period was investigated. RESULTS: In this study, the incidence of IMIs by any pathogen in early lactation was not associated with a higher expression of PD-1 and CTLA-4 in the periparturient period. However, the incidence of IMIs by major pathogens throughout the first month of lactation was significantly associated with higher expression of PD-1 at 14 days before calving (P = 0.03) and CTLA-4 at parturition (P = 0.03) by blood T-cells. Also, the expression of CTLA-4 at D0 (P = 0.012) by T-cells was associated with the occurrence of persistent IMIs during the first month of lactation. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first report to investigate the expression of PD-1 and CTLA-4 by blood T-lymphocytes during the periparturient period in dairy cows and to explore their relationship with the incidence of new IMIs in the postpartum period. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of leukocyte biology during peripartum would appear to be a prerequisite for the identification of resilient dairy cows or targets innovative (immunological) non-antibiotic approaches in the transition period.

Carvacrol Improves Vascular Function in Hypertensive Animals by Modulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells.

Carvacrol, a phenolic monoterpene, has diverse biological activities, highlighting its antioxidant and antihypertensive capacity. However, there is little evidence demonstrating its influence on vascular regeneration. Therefore, we evaluated the modulation of carvacrol on endothelial repair induced by endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) in hypertension. Twelve-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were treated with a vehicle, carvacrol (50 or 100 mg/kg/day), or resveratrol (10 mg/kg/day) orally for four weeks. Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were used as the normotensive controls. Their systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured weekly through the tail cuff. The EPCs were isolated from the bone marrow and peripherical circulation and were quantified by flow cytometry. The functionality of the EPC was evaluated after cultivation through the quantification of colony-forming units (CFU), evaluation of eNOS, intracellular detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and evaluation of senescence. The superior mesenteric artery was isolated to evaluate the quantification of ROS, CD34, and CD31. Treatment with carvacrol induced EPC migration, increased CFU formation and eNOS expression and activity, and reduced ROS and senescence. In addition, carvacrol reduced vascular ROS and increased CD31 and CD34 expression. This study showed that treatment with carvacrol improved the functionality of EPC, contributing to the reduction of endothelial dysfunction.

Differential regulatory T cell signature after recovery from mild COVID-19.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is characterized by a range of symptoms in which host immune response have been associated with disease progression. However, the putative role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in determining COVID-19 outcomes has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we compared peripheral Tregs between volunteers not previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 (healthy control [HC]) and volunteers who recovered from mild (Mild Recovered) and severe (Severe Recovered) COVID-19. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stimulated with SARS-CoV-2 synthetic peptides (Pool Spike CoV-2 and Pool CoV-2) or staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Results of a multicolor flow cytometric assay showed higher Treg frequency and expression of IL-10, IL-17, perforin, granzyme B, PD-1, and CD39/CD73 co-expression in Treg among the PBMC from the Mild Recovered group than in the Severe Recovered or HC groups for certain SARS-CoV-2 related stimulus. Moreover, Mild Recovered unstimulated samples presented a higher Tregs frequency and expression of IL-10 and granzyme B than did that of HC. Compared with Pool CoV-2 stimuli, Pool Spike CoV-2 reduced IL-10 expression and improved PD-1 expression in Tregs from volunteers in the Mild Recovered group. Interestingly, Pool Spike CoV-2 elicited a decrease in Treg IL-17+ frequency in the Severe Recovered group. In HC, the expression of latency-associated peptide (LAP) and cytotoxic granule co-expression by Tregs was higher in Pool CoV-2 stimulated samples. While Pool Spike CoV-2 stimulation reduced the frequency of IL-10+ and CTLA-4+ Tregs in PBMC from volunteers in the Mild Recovered group who had not experienced certain symptoms, higher levels of perforin and perforin+granzyme B+ co-expression by Tregs were found in the Mild Recovered group in volunteers who had experienced dyspnea. Finally, we found differential expression of CD39 and CD73 among volunteers in the Mild Recovered group between those who had and had not experienced musculoskeletal pain. Collectively, our study suggests that changes in the immunosuppressive repertoire of Tregs can influence the development of a distinct COVID-19 clinical profile, revealing that a possible modulation of Tregs exists among volunteers of the Mild Recovered group between those who did and did not develop certain symptoms, leading to mild disease.

Is IFN expression by NK cells a hallmark of severe COVID-19?

Natural Killer cells (NK) are crucial in host defense against viruses. There are many unanswered questions about the immune system in COVID-19, especially the mechanisms that contribute to the development of mild or severe forms of the disease. Although NK cells may have an essential role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, the mechanisms involved in this process are not yet fully elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that CD3-CD56+ NK cells frequency in the volunteers who recovered from mild COVID-19 (Mild CoV) presented a significant increase compared to the healthy control (HC) and individuals recovering from severe COVID-19 (Severe CoV) groups. Furthermore, distinct IFN profiles in recovered COVID-19 patients with mild or severe clinical forms of the disease were observed in the total NK cells (CD3-CD56+). In the first group, NK cells express increased levels of IFN-α compared to the severe CoV, while higher production of IFN-γ in severe CoV was found. Moreover, NK cells in mild CoV express more cytolytic granules depicted by granzyme B and perforin. Compared to HC, PBMCs from mild CoV presented higher Ki-67 and TIM-3 production after Pool CoV-2 and Pool Spike CoV-2 peptides stimulus. In addition, non-stimulated PBMCs in the mild CoV group had higher NK TIM-3+ frequency than severe CoV. In the mild CoV group, Pool Spike CoV-2 and Pool CoV-2 peptides stimuli elicited higher granzyme B and perforin coexpression and IFN-α production by PBMCs. However, in severe CoV, Pool Spike CoV-2 reduced the coexpression of granzyme B, perforin, and CD107a suggesting a decrease in the cytotoxic activity of NK cells. Therefore, our study shows that NK cells may have a crucial role in COVID-19 with the involvement of IFN-α and cytotoxic properties that aid in developing qualified immune responses. Furthermore, the data suggest that higher amounts of IFN-γ may be linked to the severity of this disease.

Effects of Baru Almond Oil (Dipteryx alata Vog.) Treatment on Thrombotic Processes, Platelet Aggregation, and Vascular Function in Aorta Arteries.

Background: This study assessed the effects of Baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.) almond oil supplementation on vascular function, platelet aggregation, and thrombus formation in aorta arteries of Wistar rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats were allocated into three groups. The control group (n = 6), a Baru group receiving Baru almond oil at 7.2 mL/kg/day (BG 7.2 mL/kg, n = 6), and (iii) a Baru group receiving Baru almond oil at 14.4 mL/kg/day (BG 14.4 mL/kg, n = 6). Baru oil was administered for ten days. Platelet aggregation, thrombus formation, vascular function, and reactive oxygen species production were evaluated at the end of treatment. Results: Baru oil supplementation reduced platelet aggregation (p < 0.05) and the production of the superoxide anion radical in platelets (p < 0.05). Additionally, Baru oil supplementation exerted an antithrombotic effect (p < 0.05) and improved the vascular function of aorta arteries (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The findings showed that Baru oil reduced platelet aggregation, reactive oxygen species production, and improved vascular function, suggesting it to be a functional oil with great potential to act as a novel product for preventing and treating cardiovascular disease.

Yeast carboxymethyl-glucan improves endothelial function and inhibits platelet aggregation in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Carboxymethyl-glucan is a semi-synthetic derivative of ß-D-glucan, a polysaccharide widely found in several natural sources, such as yeast, fungi, and cereals. This compound has beneficial effects on health and is considered an important immunomodulator. However, studies exploring carboxymethyl-glucan bioactivity in cardiovascular health remain lacking, mainly in hypertension. Thus, this study sought to expand understanding of the effects of carboxymethyl-glucan on vascular and platelet functions in a hypertensive animal model. Spontaneously hypertensive rats and their normotensive Wistar-Kyoto controls were assigned to five groups: control, carboxymethyl-glucan (60 mg kg-1), control spontaneously hypertensive rats, spontaneously hypertensive rats carboxymethyl-glucan (20 mg kg-1), and spontaneously hypertensive rats carboxymethyl-glucan (60 mg kg-1). Animals were treated for four weeks with carboxymethyl-glucan at doses of 20 and 60 mg kg-1 orally, and control rats received saline as a placebo. Vascular reactivity, platelet aggregation, and reactive oxygen species production were evaluated at the end of treatment. The results showed that carboxymethyl-glucan improved vascular function and reduced platelet aggregation, mainly at a 60 mg kg-1 dose. However, despite these effects, there was no reduction in levels of reactive oxygen species. These findings suggested that carboxymethyl-glucan modulates endothelial function. It also acts as a platelet antiaggregant, which is an interesting resource for managing hypertension and its thrombotic complications.

Regulatory T cells in acute and chronic human Chikungunya infection.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection generates strong immune responses that are associated with the disease pathophysiology. Regulatory T cells (Treg-cluster of differentiation (CD)-4+CD25highforkhead box P3 (FOXP3+)) are essential for the induction and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Thus, they play key roles in determining the patient prognosis by preventing excessive immune responses via different suppression immune mechanisms. However, the regulatory mechanisms involved in human CHIKV infection are still poorly understood. Here, we characterize for the first time the Treg cell molecule-associated-mechanism during acute and chronic human Chikungunya disease. Here, we assessed the Treg cell population and molecule-associated mechanism in the peripheral blood samples of acute and chronic patients with Chikungunya. Our results indicate that CHIKV infection is associated with reduced frequency of Tregs, along with the impaired expression and production of Treg functional markers, including CD39, CD73, perforin, granzyme, programmed death 1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß. This observation suggests that Treg cells possess the poor regulatory capacity in both acute and chronic phases of the disease. Taken together, these data provide significant evidence that the imbalanced response of Treg cells plays an essential role in establishing the pathogenesis of Chikungunya.

Carboxymethyl-glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae reduces blood pressure and improves baroreflex sensitivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Carboxymethyl-glucan (CMG) is a derivative of ß-D-glucan extracted from Sacharomyces cerevisae. This polymer presents improved physicochemical properties and shows health benefits, such as immunomodulation, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and antiplatelet activities, and improved vascular function. However, studies concerning the effect of administration of CMG on the cardiovascular parameters, mainly in the field of hypertension, are scarce. This study aimed to investigate the effect of administration of CMG in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive rats (WKY) models. Normotensive and hypertensive animals received CMG at doses of 20 mg kg-1 and 60 mg kg-1 for four weeks. Then, weight gain, lipid profile, renal function, blood pressure, cardiac hypertrophy, baroreflex sensitivity, and sympathetic tone were evaluated. Oral administration of CMG influenced weight gain and cholesterol levels, and significantly reduced urea in the hypertensive animals. It decreased blood pressure levels and cardiac hypertrophy, improved baroreflex response, and reduced the influence of sympathetic tone. The results demonstrate the antihypertensive effect of CMG through improvement in baroreflex sensitivity via sympathetic tone modulation.

Phenotypical characterization of regulatory T cells in acute Zika infection.

Zika virus (ZIKV), alongside Dengue virus (DENV), Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and Yellow Fever Virus (YFV) are prevalent arboviruses in the Americas. Each of these infections is associated with the development of associated disease immunopathology. Immunopathological processes are an outcome of counter-balancing impacts between effector and regulatory immune mechanisms. In this context, regulatory T cells (Tregs) are key in modulating the immune response and, therefore, in tissue damage control. However, to date, Treg phenotypes and mechanisms during acute infection of the ZIKV in humans have not been fully investigated. The main aim of this work was to characterize Tregs and their immunological profile related to cytokine production and molecules that are capable of controlling the exacerbated inflammatory profile in acute Zika infected patients. Using whole blood analyses of infected patients, an ex vivo phenotypical characterization of Tregs, circulating during acute Zika virus infection, was conducted by flow cytometry. We found that though there are no differences in absolute Treg frequency between infected and healthy control groups. However, pro-inflammatory cytokine up-regulation such as IFN-γ and LAP was observed in the acute disease. Furthermore, acute ZIKV patients expressed increased levels of CD39/CD73, perforin/granzyme B, PD-1, and CTLA-4, all markers involved in mechanisms used by Tregs to attempt to control strong inflammatory responses. Thus, the data indicates a potential contribution of Tregs during the inflammatory ZIKV infection response.

Coumarin derivative 7-isopentenyloxycoumarin induces in vivo antitumor activity by inhibit angiogenesis via CCL2 chemokine decrease.

Cancer is one of the most urgent problems in medicine. In recent years, cancer is the second leading cause of death globally. In search for more effective and less toxic treatment against cancer, natural products are used as prototypes in the synthesis of new anticancer drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vivo toxicity and the mechanism of antitumor action of 7-isopentenyloxycoumarin (UMB-07), a coumarin derivative with antitumor activity. The toxicity was evaluated in vitro (hemolysis assay), and in vivo (micronucleus and acute toxicity assays). Ehrlich ascites carcinoma model was used to evaluate in vivo antitumor activity of UMB-07 (12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, i.p.), after 9 days of treatment, as well as toxicity. UMB-07 (2000 µg/mL) induced only 0.8% of hemolysis in peripheral blood erythrocytes of mice. On acute toxicity assay, LD50 (50% lethal dose) was estimated at around 1000 mg/kg (i.p.), and no micronucleated erythrocytes were recorded after UMB-07 (300 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment. UMB-07 (25 and 50 mg/kg) reduced tumor volume and total viable cancer cells. In the mechanism action investigation, no changes were observed on the cell cycle analysis; however, UMB-07 reduced peritumoral microvessels density and CCL2 chemokine levels. In addition, UMB-07 showed weak toxicity on biochemical, hematological, and histological parameters after 9 days of antitumor treatment. The current findings suggest that UMB-07 has low toxicity and exerts antitumor effect by inhibit angiogenesis via CCL2 chemokine decrease.

Food Intervention with Folate Reduces TNF-α and Interleukin Levels in Overweight and Obese Women with the MTHFR C677T Polymorphism: A Randomized Trial.

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism associated with body fat accumulation could possibly trigger an inflammatory process by elevating homocysteine levels and increasing cytokine production, causing several diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of food intervention, and not folate supplements, on the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) in overweight and obese women with the MTHFR C677T polymorphism. A randomized, double-blind eight-week clinical trial of 48 overweight and obese women was conducted. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups. They received 300 g of vegetables daily for eight weeks containing different doses of folate: 95 µg/day for Group 1 and 191 µg/day for Group 2. MTHFR C677T polymorphism genotyping was assessed by digestion with HinfI enzyme and on 12% polyacrylamide gels. Anthropometric measurements, 24-h dietary recall, and biochemical analysis (blood folic acid, vitamin B12, homocysteine (Hcy), TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6) were determined at the beginning and end of the study. Group 2 had a significant increase in folate intake (p < 0.001) and plasma folic acid (p < 0.05) for individuals with the cytosine-cytosine (CC), cytosine-thymine (CT), and thymine-thymine (TT) genotypes. However, only individuals with the TT genotype presented reduced levels of Hcy, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1ß (p < 0.001). Group 1 showed significant differences in folate consumption (p < 0.001) and folic acid levels (p < 0.05) for individuals with the CT and TT genotypes. Food intervention with folate from vegetables increased folic acid levels and reduced interleukins, TNF-α, and Hcy levels, mainly for individuals with the TT genotype.

N-Salicyloyltryptamine, an N-Benzoyltryptamine Analogue, Induces Vasorelaxation through Activation of the NO/sGC Pathway and Reduction of Calcium Influx.

Benzoyltryptamine analogues act as neuroprotective and spasmolytic agents on smooth muscles. In this study, we investigated the ability of N-salicyloyltryptamine (STP) to produce vasorelaxation and determined its underlying mechanisms of action. Isolated rat mesenteric arteries with and without functional endothelium were studied in an isometric contraction system in the presence or absence of pharmacological inhibitors. Amperometric experiments were used to measure the nitric oxide (NO) levels in CD31+ cells using flow cytometry. GH3 cells were used to measure Ca2+ currents using the whole cell patch clamp technique. STP caused endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxation in mesenteric rings. The endothelial-dependent relaxations in response to STP were markedly reduced by L-NAME (endothelial NO synthase-eNOS-inhibitor), jHydroxocobalamin (NO scavenger, 30 µM) and ODQ (soluble Guanylyl Cyclase-sGC-inhibitor, 10 µM), but were not affected by the inhibition of the formation of vasoactive prostanoids. These results were reinforced by the increased NO levels observed in the amperometric experiments with freshly dispersed CD31+ cells. The endothelium-independent effect appeared to involve the inhibition of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, due to the inhibition of the concentration-response Ca2+ curves in depolarizing solution, the increased relaxation in rings that were pre-incubated with high extracellular KCl (80 mM), and the inhibition of macroscopic Ca2+ currents. The present findings show that the activation of the NO/sGC/cGMP pathway and the inhibition of gated-voltage Ca2+ channels are the mechanisms underlying the effect of STP on mesenteric arteries.

Modulation of vascular function and anti-aggregation effect induced by (1→3) (1→6)-ß-d-glucan of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its carboxymethylated derivative in rats.

BACKGROUND: ß-d-Glucans are polysaccharides found in the cell walls of yeasts, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and they have been studied because of their beneficial effects on health, mainly in terms of immunomodulation. However, information on the action of these polymers on vascular and platelet function is still scarce. This study evaluate the effect of (1→3) (1→6) ß-d-glucan (ßG-Sc) and its carboxymethylated derivative (CM-G) on vascular and platelet function in rats. METHODS: The animals received daily oral treatments with ßG-Sc (20mg/kg) and CM-G (20mg/kg) for eight days. Next, cytokine quantification, vascular reactivity and adenosine diphosphate (ADP)- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation studies were performed. In vitro platelet aggregation and P-selectin exposition assays were conducted using 100 and 300µg/mL CM-G. RESULTS: The CM-G-treated group had less IL-8 than did the control. In reactivity experiments, CM-G and ßG-Sc treatments did not change the contractile response of the vessel induced by PHE. Moreover, only CM-G improved the vasorelaxation response to Nitroprusside (SPN, a nitric oxide donor). The in vitro aggregation studies showed that at the highest concentration (300µg/mL), CM-G inhibited the agonist-induced platelet aggregation with an effect similar to that of acetylsalicylic acid and without affecting P-selectin exposition. The treatments with ßG-Sc or CM-G inhibited the platelet aggregation stimulated by ADP, but only ßG-Sc treatment was effective in affect the collagen-stimulated aggregation. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that CM-G modulate positively the vascular function, mainly in responses NO-dependent. CM-G and ßG-Sc have an anti-aggregation effect, being CM-G more selective to ADP-induced platelet aggregation.

2-Amino-thiophene derivatives present antileishmanial activity mediated by apoptosis and immunomodulation in vitro.

This study evaluated the effects of 2-amino-thiophene derivatives on the promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and their possible mechanisms of action. Initially, we evaluated the antileishmanial activity of ten 2-amino-thiophene derivatives on promastigote and axenic amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis and their cytotoxicity against murine macrophages and human red blood cells. Three promising compounds were selected for studies of the cell death process using flow cytometry analysis and a DNA fragmentation assay. The effects of the compounds were assessed on intramacrophagic amastigotes, and the modulation of cytokine and NO production was investigated. All thiophene derivatives showed antileishmanial activity against promastigotes and axenic amastigotes with less toxicity for murine macrophages and human red blood cells. The best values were obtained for compounds containing a lateral indole ring. Docking studies suggested that these compounds played an important role in inhibiting trypanothione reductase (TryR) activity. The selected compounds SB-200, SB-44, and SB-83 induced apoptosis in promastigotes involving phosphatidylserine externalization and DNA fragmentation in a pattern similar to that observed for the positive control. Additionally, SB-200, SB-44, and SB-83 significantly reduced the infection index of macrophages by the parasites; for compounds SB-200 and SB-83 this reduction was associated with increased TNF-α, IL-12, and NO levels. This study demonstrated the effective and selective action of 2-amino-thiophene derivatives against L. amazonensis, resulting in apoptosis-like cell death and immunomodulation in vitro. The results suggest that they are promising compounds for the development of new leishmanicidal drugs.

Calcium influx inhibition is involved in the hypotensive and vasorelaxant effects induced by yangambin.

The pharmacological effects on the cardiovascular system of yangambin, a lignan isolated from Ocotea duckei Vattimo (Lauraceae), were studied in rats using combined functional and biochemical approaches. In non-anaesthetized rats, yangambin (1, 5, 10, 20, 30 mg/kg, i.v.) induced hypotension (-3.5 ± 0.2; -7.1 ± 0.8; -8.9 ± 1.3; -14 ± 2.3, -25.5% ± 2.6%, respectively) accompanied by tachycardia (5.9 ± 0.5; 5.9 ± 1.6; 8.8 ± 1.4; 11.6, 18.8% ± 3.4%, respectively). In isolated rat atria, yangambin (0.1 µM-1 mM) had very slight negative inotropic (Emax = 35.6% ± 6.4%) and chronotropic effects (Emax = 10.2% ± 2.9%). In endothelium-intact rat mesenteric artery, yangambin (0.1 µM-1 mM) induced concentration-dependent relaxation (pD2 = 4.5 ± 0.06) of contractions induced by phenylephrine and this effect was not affected by removal of the endothelium. Interestingly, like nifedipine, the relaxant effect induced by yangambin was more potent on the contractile response induced by KCl 80 mM (pD2 = 4.8 ± 0.05) when compared to that induced by phenylephrine. Furthermore, yangambin inhibited CaCl2-induced contractions in a concentration-dependent manner. This lignan also induced relaxation (pD2 = 4.0 ± 0.04) of isolated arteries pre-contracted with S(-)-Bay K 8644. In fura-2/AM-loaded myocytes of rat mesenteric arteries, yangambin inhibited the Ca2+ signal evoked by KCl 60 mM. In conclusion, these results suggest that the hypotensive effect of yangambin is probably due to a peripheral vasodilatation that involves, at least, the inhibition the Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.

In vitro and in vivo antitumor effect of trachylobane-360, a diterpene from Xylopia langsdorffiana.

Trachylobane-360 (ent-7α-acetoxytrachyloban-18-oic acid) was isolated from Xylopia langsdorffiana. Studies have shown that it has weak cytotoxic activity against tumor and non-tumor cells. This study investigated the in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects of trachylobane-360, as well as its cytotoxicity in mouse erythrocytes. In order to evaluate the in vivo toxicological aspects related to trachylobane-360 administration, hematological, biochemical and histopathological analyses of the treated animals were performed. The compound exhibited a concentration-dependent effect in inducing hemolysis with HC50 of 273.6 µM, and a moderate in vitro concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on the proliferation of sarcoma 180 cells with IC50 values of 150.8 µM and 150.4 µM, evaluated by the trypan blue exclusion test and MTT reduction assay, respectively. The in vivo inhibition rates of sarcoma 180 tumor development were 45.60, 71.99 and 80.06% at doses of 12.5 and 25 mg/kg of trachylobane-360 and 25 mg/kg of 5-FU, respectively. Biochemical parameters were not altered. Leukopenia was observed after 5-FU treatment, but this effect was not seen with trachylobane-360 treatment. The histopathological analysis of liver and kidney showed that both organs were mildly affected by trachylobane-360 treatment. Trachylobane-360 showed no immunosuppressive effect. In conclusion, these data reinforce the anticancer potential of this natural diterpene.

Uso da Spirulina platensis na recuperação de ratos submetidos à dieta de restrição proteica / Use of Spirulina platensis for recovering rats under protein restriction diet feeding

O presente estudo avaliou a ação da espirulina como fonte protéica na recuperação do estado nutricional de ratos machos adultos. Foram estudados 48 animais, divididos em quatro grupos de acordo com a dieta: grupo controle de caseína (CC) e grupo controle de espirulina (CE), que receberam dieta equilibrada durante todo o experimento; grupo recuperado de caseína (RC) e grupo recuperado de espirulina (RE), que consumiram dieta com restrição protéica durante 60 dias e, a seguir, receberam a dieta equilibrada à base de caseína e espirulina, respectivamente, durante 90 dias. Foram analisadas a composição centesimal e a microbiológica da Spirulina platensis, bem como o ganho em peso dos animais. Após o sacrifício dos animais, foram realizadas as análises para determinação do peso do fígado e do aspecto histopatológico, da gordura corporal e dos constituintes sanguíneos. A espirulina utilizada continha 59,65% de proteína, 3,72% de lipídios, 17,53% de resíduo mineral fixo e 7,81 de umidade, e não apresentou contaminação por microrganismos. Não houve diferenças significativas quanto à gordura corporal e constituintes protéicos séricos entre os quatro grupos de animais. Em relação ao ganho de peso não foi constatada diferença entre os grupos CC e CE, nas diferentes semanas de números 1, 5, 6, 7 e de 10 a 18, contudo esta ocorrência não foi observada nos grupos RC e RE. O peso relativo do fígado diminuiu nos animais com restrição protéica, principalmente no grupo RC, porém sem alterações histopatológicas, e os constituintes lipídios tiveram valores diminuídos. Conclui-se que o uso da Spirulina platensis na recuperação de ratos com dieta de restrição protéica reduz a lipemia.

This investigation aims at evaluating the effects of spirulin as a protein source for recovering the nutritional status of adult male rats. Forty-eight animals were studied and divided by four groups according to the feed diet: casein control (CC) group and spirulin control (SC) group, which received balanced diet during the whole experiment; recovered casein (RC) group and recovered spirulin (RS) group, which received a protein-restriction diet for 60 days and, afterwards, they were fed with balanced diet based on casein and spirulin, respectively, for 90 days. The centesimal and microbiologicalcomposition of Spirulina platensis and animals weight gains could be evaluated. After being euthanized the animal’s liver weight and its histopathologic aspects were analyzed, besides the body fat and blood components. The spirulinused contained 59.65% of protein, 3.72% of lipids, 17.53 of fixed mineral residue and 7.81% of humidity, and showed no microorganism contamination. Significant differences on body fat and serum protein contents could not be observedamong the four animal groups. Regarding the weight gains, there was no difference among the animals of groups CC and SC in different weeks of experiments numbers 1, 5, 6, 7 and from 10 to 18, but these findings were not observed among the RC and RS groups. The relative liver weight decreased in animals under protein restriction, mainly in the group RC, but no histopathological alterations could be observed, and lipid contents decreased. In conclusion, the useof Spirulina platensis for recovering rat on protein restriction diet induces a reduction of lipemia.