Goal-directed therapy in cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy: a prospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC) in peritoneal carcinomatosis treatment causes significant hemodynamic, metabolic, and hematological alterations. Studies on the anesthetic intraoperative management are heterogeneous and scarce. There is a great heterogeneity in the anesthetic management of CRS and HIPEC. The aim of this study is to analyze perioperative hemodynamic goal-directed management and to evaluate the complications arisen until the seventh postoperative day. METHODS: Prospective, observational study of all CRS and HIPEC patients from March 2014 to May 2017. Hemodynamic and clinical parameters were registered during surgery and the first 3 postoperative days. We correlated intraoperative data with the postoperative course until the seventh day. RESULTS: A total of 92 patients were included in the study (age 58.5 ± 10.9 years, 47% colorectal carcinoma, and 38% ovarian carcinoma). Peritoneal Carcinomatosis Index (PCI) (median and ranges) was 10 [0-39]. Cardiac Index (CI) 3.15 l/min-1/m-2 [1.79-5.60]) and Systolic Volume Variation (SVV) (10% [3%-17%]) remained within the values of normality in all surgery phases. A large difference was observed between the minimum and maximum ranges of fluid therapy administered (median 9.8 ml/kg/h [5.3-24.3]), showing a great interindividual variation in the fluids requirement. A direct relationship was observed between PCI and surgery duration, fluid therapy, and intraoperative transfusion percentage (p < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: There is a great variability in the intraoperative fluid therapy needs of the patients. SVV monitoring makes it possible to adjust the fluid therapy needs in each surgery phase. The use of a hemodynamic goal-directed anesthetic protocol in CRS and HIPEC enables to individually adjust the fluid therapy, avoiding over-hydration and ensuring hemodynamic stability in all surgery phases.

Nuevos enfoques en el tratamiento del dolor agudo Postoperatorio / New approaches in the treatment of acute postoperative pain

El control eficaz del dolor postoperatorio se ha convertido en una parte esencial de los cuidados perioperatorios y su adecuado tratamiento, junto a otros factores como la movilización y la nutrición precoz, se relacionan directamente con la disminución de las complicaciones postoperatorias y de la estancia hospitalaria. En la actualidad se presentan diversos retos en el campo del tratamiento del DAP, que precisarán de nuevos enfoques y nuevas alternativas terapéuticas. Los protocolos analgésicos específicos para cada tipo de intervención quirúrgica, adaptados al contexto organizativo y de práctica clínica hospitalaria, son una garantía para individualizar los tratamientos y responder adecuadamente a las demandas analgésicas de cada paciente. Entre las recomendaciones de las recientes Guías del manejo del Dolor Agudo Postoperatorio de la American Pain Society (APS) destacamos: el uso de la analgesia multimodal, la analgesia regional y epidural en procedimientos específicos, las mínimas dosis de opioides y la preferencia de la vía oral frente a la intravenosa, y la modalidad de PCA. Ante la epidemia de consumo de opioides, las recomendaciones actuales se basan en minimizar la dosis de opioide postoperatorio, aplicar pautas multimodales y retirarlos precozmente cuando puedan ser sustituidos por otros analgésicos. En los programas de cirugía fast-track, el inicio precoz de la deambulación, de la fisioterapia o de la rehabilitación son factibles con un nivel moderado de dolor. Pretender eliminar totalmente el dolor en estos programas de fast-track puede asociarse a inmovilidad del paciente o a efectos secundarios de los analgésicos que retrasen la recuperación. Se han desarrollado nuevos dispositivos de administración de opioides no invasivos o «needel-free», con el fin de eliminar las desventajas de la morfina intravenosa. Las ventajas teóricas se basan en una mayor movilidad y satisfacción del paciente, en la autoadministración y en un mejor perfil farmacológico. Son opioides de inicio rápido y acción prolongada, sin metabolitos activos, por lo que teóricamente tienen un perfil farmacológico más eficaz y seguro. Estas nuevas alternativas podrían sustituir a la administración de la PCA de morfina a bolos en la cirugía mayor laparoscópica o en la cirugía de columna vertebral, entre otras. También podrían jugar un papel de analgesia de transición, en la retirada precoz de los catéteres epidurales o paravertebrales en cirugía torácica o en cirugía vascular (AU)

Effective control of postoperative pain, as well as other factors such as early mobilization and nutrition, are directly related to the reduction of postoperative complications and hospital stay, and have become an essential part of perioperative care There are actually several challenges in the field of the treatment of DAP, which require new approaches and therapeutic alternatives. The specific analgesic protocols for each type of surgery, adapted to the organizational context and clinical practice, are a guarantee to individualize the treatments and appropriately respond to the analgesic demands of any patient. Among the recommendations of the recent Guidelines for the Management of Acute Postoperative Pain of the American Pain Society (APS), we highlight: the use of Multimodal Analgesia, Regional and Epidural Analgesia in specific procedures, the minimum possible doses of opioids, the preference of the oral versus intravenous route, and PCA modality. Faced with the epidemic use of opioids, the current recommendations are based on minimizing the dose of postoperative opioids, together with, applying multimodal guidelines and early withdrawing, when they can be replaced by other analgesics. In fast-track surgery programs, the early onset of ambulation, physical therapy and/or rehabilitation are feasible with a moderate level of pain. Attempting to eliminate completely the pain in these fast-track programs can be associated with patients immobility, or analgesic side effects that may delay patients recovery. New devices for administering non-invasive opioids or «needel-free» have been developed in order to eliminate the disadvantages of intravenous morphine. The theoretical advantages are based on greater mobility and patient satisfaction, self-administration and a better pharmacological profile. They are fast onset opioids with a prolonged action and without active metabolites, which offer a theoretically more effective and safe pharmacological profile. These new alternatives could replace the administration of morphine PCA to boluses, in major laparoscopic surgery or in spinal surgery, among others. They may also play a role in the transition analgesia, in situations such as early withdrawal of epidural or paravertebral catheters in thoracic or vascular surgery (AU)