Biosolid compost with wood shavings and yard trimmings alleviates stress and improves grain quality in soybean grown in lead polluted soils.

Heavy metals induce stress in plants, thereby affecting growth, crop quality, and food security. Most studies addressing the mitigation of these effects by soil amendment have focused on metals in soils and plant uptake, with there still being a great deal of uncertainty about how amendment application in polluted soils can modify plant stress response and, consequently, yield and food safety. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of biosolid compost amendment on stress response, growth, and lead accumulation in Glycine max, when applied to lead polluted agricultural soils. Soybean was grown in lead polluted soils with 0%, 5%, or 10% (w/w) biosolid compost amendment under controlled conditions in a greenhouse, and the stress response indicators chlorophylls, proteins, sugars, malondialdehyde, glutathione S-transferase activity, carotenes, and the ferric reducing antioxidant power were investigated. In addition, the biomass and lead accumulation in different organs were determined and evaluated with respect to the plant stress. Our results revealed that the addition of 10% biosolid compost improved the grain biomass and appeared to reduce the amount of defective grains, which was related to higher Pb concentrations. Furthermore, 10% compost treatment reduced the stress in plants, leading to a better performance of the photosynthetic system, and with the antioxidant response being positively correlated to Pb accumulation. Lead uptake in plants was decreased by between 35 and 57% after this treatment in comparison with unamended soils. These results indicate that biosolid compost amendment may be an effective way to alleviate Pb uptake and metal stress in soybeans.

Availability of lead in agricultural soils amended with compost of biosolid with wood shavings and yard trimmings.

Lead-polluted agricultural soils are a serious problem for food safety, with organic amendment being a promising mitigation method from the environmental perspective. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate lead availability and the effectiveness of the application of compost of biosolid with wood shavings and yard trimmings in contaminated soils. The physicochemical (Pb distribution, organic matter, pH, electric conductivity, cation exchange capacity, nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, carbonates, exchangeable cations, sodium) and biological parameters (the microbial activity obtained by fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis) in Pb-polluted and non-polluted agricultural soils were evaluated after the addition of biosolid with wood shavings and yard trimming compost. Topsoils (lead-polluted and control) were collected in the vicinity of a former battery-recycling plant, amended with compost (0%, 5%, and 10%), and incubated in controlled conditions for 118 days. The results showed that lead availability decreased significantly, and the nutritional quality of the soils increased in the soils amended with 10% of compost. Taken together, the results of the present study indicated that compost amendment could be an effective method for mitigating the negative effects of lead in agricultural soils.

Spatial patterns of high Aedes aegypti oviposition activity in northwestern Argentina.

BACKGROUND: In Argentina, dengue has affected mainly the Northern provinces, including Salta. The objective of this study was to analyze the spatial patterns of high Aedes aegypti oviposition activity in San Ramón de la Nueva Orán, northwestern Argentina. The location of clusters as hot spot areas should help control programs to identify priority areas and allocate their resources more effectively. METHODOLOGY: Oviposition activity was detected in Orán City (Salta province) using ovitraps, weekly replaced (October 2005-2007). Spatial autocorrelation was measured with Moran's Index and depicted through cluster maps to identify hot spots. Total egg numbers were spatially interpolated and a classified map with Ae. aegypti high oviposition activity areas was performed. Potential breeding and resting (PBR) sites were geo-referenced. A logistic regression analysis of interpolated egg numbers and PBR location was performed to generate a predictive mapping of mosquito oviposition activity. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Both cluster maps and predictive map were consistent, identifying in central and southern areas of the city high Ae. aegypti oviposition activity. A logistic regression model was successfully developed to predict Ae. aegypti oviposition activity based on distance to PBR sites, with tire dumps having the strongest association with mosquito oviposition activity. A predictive map reflecting probability of oviposition activity was produced. The predictive map delimitated an area of maximum probability of Ae. aegypti oviposition activity in the south of Orán city where tire dumps predominate. The overall fit of the model was acceptable (ROC=0.77), obtaining 99% of sensitivity and 75.29% of specificity. CONCLUSIONS: Distance to tire dumps is inversely associated with high mosquito activity, allowing us to identify hot spots. These methodologies are useful for prevention, surveillance, and control of tropical vector borne diseases and might assist National Health Ministry to focus resources more effectively.

Landscape determinants of Saint Louis encephalitis human infections in Córdoba city, Argentina during 2010.

Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) is endemic in Argentina. During 2005 an outbreak occurred in Córdoba. From January to April of 2010 a new outbreak occurred in Córdoba city with a lower magnitude than the one reported in 2005. Understanding the association of different landscape elements related to SLEV hosts and vectors in urban environments is important for identifying high risk areas for human infections, which was here evaluated. The current study uses a case-control approach at a household geographical location, considering symptomatic and asymptomatic human infections produced by SLEV during 2010 in Córdoba city. Geographical information systems and logistic regression analysis were used to study the distribution of infected human cases and their proximity to water bodies, vegetation abundance, agricultural fields and housing density classified as high/low density urban constructions. Population density at a neighborhood level was also analyzed as a demographic variable. Logistic regression analysis revealed vegetation abundance was significantly (p<0.01) associated with the presence of human infections by SLEV. A map of probability of human infections in Córdoba city was derived from the logistic model. The model highlights areas that are more likely to experience SLEV infections. Landscape variables contributing to the outbreak were the proximity to places with vegetation abundance (parks, squares, riversides) and the presence of low density urban constructions, like residential areas. The population density analysis shows that SLEV infections are more likely to occur when population density by neighborhood is lower. These findings and the predictive map developed could be useful for public health surveillance and to improve prevention of vector-borne diseases.