ABSTRACT
It is well established that diets containing an increased omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-6 PUFA) to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) ratios are linked to inflammation and chronic diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the influence of an elevated n-6 PUFA:n-3 PUFA ratio in the tissues requires clarification. Herein, we identified primary experimental and clinical studies where it is possible to compare the performance of the myristic acid (Myr):docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and n-6 PUFA:n-3 PUFA ratios in the liver and/or serum as potential NAFLD biomarkers. Articles were included if quantitative values of n-6 PUFA, n-3 PUFA, Myr, DHA, and information about liver inflammation or liver disease progression parameters were provided. Overall, most experimental (91.6%) and clinical studies (87.5%) reported higher Myr:DHA ratios associated with inflammation and/or NAFLD progression than the n-6 PUFA:n-3 PUFA ratio. We conclude that the Myr:DHA ratio represents a better biomarker of NAFLD than the n-6 PUFA:n-3 PUFA ratio. Future studies are necessary for verifying this observation.
Subject(s)
Fatty Acids, Omega-3 , Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease , Biomarkers , Docosahexaenoic Acids , Fatty Acids, Omega-6 , Humans , Inflammation , Myristic Acid , Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/diagnosisABSTRACT
The study aimed to measure serum fatty acids (FAs) composition in HIV carrier patients and compare it with non-HIV carrier patients. The FAs composition was measured by gas chromatography as follows: four saturated FAs myristic acid (14:0), palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), and docosanoic acid (22:0); four monounsaturated FAs 7-hexadecenoic acid (16:1 n-9), palmitoleic acid (16:1 n-7), oleic acid (18:1 n-9), and vaccenic acid (18:1 n-7); and three polyunsaturated FAs linoleic acid (18:2 n-6), dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3 n-6), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3). We reported herein lower (P < .05) DHA concentration (by 40%) in the serum of HIV carrier patients than in non-HIV carrier patients. This FA has a pivotal role as a precursor of anti-inflammatory molecules with beneficial effects on metabolism, cardiovascular system, and immunological system. Even though most clinical studies reported beneficial effects of DHA supplementation in HIV carrier patients, this issue remains under debate. Further investigations then require to fully clarify the role of DHA in preventing or alleviating the comorbidities associated with HIV infection.
Subject(s)
Docosahexaenoic Acids , HIV Infections , Chromatography, Gas , Fatty Acids , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Humans , Oleic AcidABSTRACT
Both high fat diet (HFD) and high carbohydrate diet (HCD) modulate brain fatty acids (FA) composition. Notwithstanding, there is a lack of information on time sequence of brain FA deposition either for HFD or HCD. The changes in brain FA composition in mice fed with HFD or HCD for 7, 14, 28, or 56 days were compared with results of 0 (before starting given the diets). mRNA expressions of allograft inflammatory factor 1 (Aif1), cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox 2), F4/80, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), integrin subunit alpha m (Itgam), interleukin IL-1ß (IL-1ß), IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were measured. The HFD group had higher speed of deposition of saturated FA (SFA), monounsaturated FA (MUFA), and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) at the beginning of the experimental period. However, on day 56, the total amount of SFA, MUFA, and PUFA were similar. mRNA expressions of F4/80 and Itgam, markers of microglia infiltration, were increased (p < 0.05) in the brain of the HCD group whereas inflammatory marker index (IMI) was higher (46%) in HFD group. In conclusion, the proportion of fat and carbohydrates in the diet modulates the speed deposition of FA and expression of inflammatory gene markers.
Subject(s)
Brain/metabolism , Diet, Carbohydrate Loading/adverse effects , Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects , Dietary Carbohydrates/adverse effects , Dietary Fats/adverse effects , Fatty Acids/metabolism , Animals , Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism , CD11b Antigen/metabolism , Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism , Cytokines/metabolism , Inflammation/metabolism , Integrin alpha Chains/metabolism , Male , Mice , Microfilament Proteins/metabolism , Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism , RNA, Messenger/metabolismABSTRACT
Linseed plays an important role in animal nutrition as it contains long-chain fatty acids in its composition, which, once absorbed, are incorporated into meat and milk. For evaluate the concentration of fatty acids in the Longissimus dorsi muscle of culling ewes fed diets containing levels of inclusion of linseed, 88 culling ewes were used with an average initial body weight of 37.65 ± 6.98 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with 12 treatments. Treatments consisted of the interaction between levels of linseed (0, 5, 10, and 15%) and days in feedlot (30, 45, and 60). The most present fatty acids in the composition of the muscle L. dorsi were palmitic (27.32 g 100 g-1) and stearic (17.77 g 100 g-1). Saturated acids remained at low levels as the animals were fed greater levels of linseed, demonstrating the importance of introducing quality foods in animal feeding. Oleic acid was the most present monounsaturated fatty acid, with 40 g 100 g-1. Palmitoleic and elaidic fatty acids increased linearly as the linseed inclusion in the diet was increased. Polyunsaturated acids increased with the presence of linseed in the diet. For the linolenic acid (C18: 3n3), the best result was with inclusion of 10% of linseed in the total diet. All groups of animals that received linseed obtained better n6:n3 ratios, which varied from 1.81 to 4.14. The higher CLA values obtained in
Grãos de linhaça desempenham um papel importante na alimentação dos animais, uma vez que contêm em sua composição, ácidos graxos de cadeia longa que, uma vez absorvidos, são incorporados a carne e ao leite. Para avaliar a concentração de ácidos graxos no músculo Longissimus dorsi de ovelhas de descarte alimentadas com linhaça foram utilizadas 88 ovelhas, com peso corporal inicial médio de 37,65 ± 6,98 kg, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em 12 tratamentos. Os tratamentos constavam da interação entre níveis de linhaça (0, 5, 10 e 15%) e dias de confinamento (30, 45 e 60 dias). Os ácidos graxos observados em maior quantidade na composição do músculo L. dorsi foram o palmítico (27,32 g 100 g-1) e esteárico (17,77 g 100 g-1). Os ácidos saturados mantiveram-se em baixas concentrações na carne quando os animais foram alimentados com maiores teores de linhaça, demonstrando a importância da introdução de alimentos de qualidade na alimentação de animais. O ácido graxo monoinsaturado em maior quantidade foi o ácido oleico com 40 g 100g-1 de ácidos graxos. Os ácidos graxos palmitoléico e elaídico aumentaram linearmente com a inclusão dos grãos de linhaça. Os níveis de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados aumentaram com a presença de grãos de linhaça na ração dieta. Para os ácido linolênico (C18:3n3), o melhor resultado foi com inclusão de 10% de grãos de linhaça na dieta to
ABSTRACT
Linseed plays an important role in animal nutrition as it contains long-chain fatty acids in its composition, which, once absorbed, are incorporated into meat and milk. For evaluate the concentration of fatty acids in the Longissimus dorsi muscle of culling ewes fed diets containing levels of inclusion of linseed, 88 culling ewes were used with an average initial body weight of 37.65 ± 6.98 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with 12 treatments. Treatments consisted of the interaction between levels of linseed (0, 5, 10, and 15%) and days in feedlot (30, 45, and 60). The most present fatty acids in the composition of the muscle L. dorsi were palmitic (27.32 g 100 g-1) and stearic (17.77 g 100 g-1). Saturated acids remained at low levels as the animals were fed greater levels of linseed, demonstrating the importance of introducing quality foods in animal feeding. Oleic acid was the most present monounsaturated fatty acid, with 40 g 100 g-1. Palmitoleic and elaidic fatty acids increased linearly as the linseed inclusion in the diet was increased. Polyunsaturated acids increased with the presence of linseed in the diet. For the linolenic acid (C18: 3n3), the best result was with inclusion of 10% of linseed in the total diet. All groups of animals that received linseed obtained better n6:n3 ratios, which varied from 1.81 to 4.14. The higher CLA values obtained in
Grãos de linhaça desempenham um papel importante na alimentação dos animais, uma vez que contêm em sua composição, ácidos graxos de cadeia longa que, uma vez absorvidos, são incorporados a carne e ao leite. Para avaliar a concentração de ácidos graxos no músculo Longissimus dorsi de ovelhas de descarte alimentadas com linhaça foram utilizadas 88 ovelhas, com peso corporal inicial médio de 37,65 ± 6,98 kg, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em 12 tratamentos. Os tratamentos constavam da interação entre níveis de linhaça (0, 5, 10 e 15%) e dias de confinamento (30, 45 e 60 dias). Os ácidos graxos observados em maior quantidade na composição do músculo L. dorsi foram o palmítico (27,32 g 100 g-1) e esteárico (17,77 g 100 g-1). Os ácidos saturados mantiveram-se em baixas concentrações na carne quando os animais foram alimentados com maiores teores de linhaça, demonstrando a importância da introdução de alimentos de qualidade na alimentação de animais. O ácido graxo monoinsaturado em maior quantidade foi o ácido oleico com 40 g 100g-1 de ácidos graxos. Os ácidos graxos palmitoléico e elaídico aumentaram linearmente com a inclusão dos grãos de linhaça. Os níveis de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados aumentaram com a presença de grãos de linhaça na ração dieta. Para os ácido linolênico (C18:3n3), o melhor resultado foi com inclusão de 10% de grãos de linhaça na dieta to
ABSTRACT
Much of fish produced and processed terminates in the form of industrial waste, which may be used to produce nutritious and low cost food. This study aimed to assess the carcass quality and bone resistance in rabbits fed with diets enriched with meal filleting residue of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). There were 50 animals distributed in five treatments in which the diets were 0%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% for inclusion of meal. The values of crude protein, calcium and phosphorus from muscle of rabbits responded quadratically. The major fatty acids in the muscle of rabbits were 16:0, 18:1 n9 and 18:2 n6. The average resistance (23.40 kgf) and chemical composition of bones and calcium (20.36 g/100 g) phosphorus (0.17 g/100g) and iron (0.17 mg/100 g) were not influenced by the inclusion of the meal. It was concluded that the meal of tilapia filleting residue influenced carcass quality characteristics of rabbits but did not influence the resistance and the chemical composition of bones.
O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar as características qualitativas da carcaça e a resistência óssea de coelhos alimentados com dietas enriquecidas com farinha de resíduos de filetagem de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Foram utilizados 50 animais, distribuídos em um delineamento interamente casualizado com cinco tratamentos (0%, 1%, 2%, 3% e 4% de inclusão da farinha) e dez repetições. Os valores de proteína bruta, cálcio e fósforo dos músculos dos coelhos, apresentaram efeito quadrático. Os ácidos graxos majoritários no músculo dos coelhos foram 16:0, 18:1n9 e 18:2n6. A resistência média (23,40 Kgf) e a composição química dos ossos, cálcio (20,36g/100g) fósforo (0,17g/100g) e ferro (0,17mg/100g) não foram influenciadas pela inclusão da farinha. Conclui-se que a farinha de resíduos de filetagem de tilápia, influenciou nas características qualitativas da carcaça dos coelhos, porém não influenciou na resistência e na composição química dos ossos.
ABSTRACT
Much of fish produced and processed terminates in the form of industrial waste, which may be used to produce nutritious and low cost food. This study aimed to assess the carcass quality and bone resistance in rabbits fed with diets enriched with meal filleting residue of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). There were 50 animals distributed in five treatments in which the diets were 0%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% for inclusion of meal. The values of crude protein, calcium and phosphorus from muscle of rabbits responded quadratically. The major fatty acids in the muscle of rabbits were 16:0, 18:1 n9 and 18:2 n6. The average resistance (23.40 kgf) and chemical composition of bones and calcium (20.36 g/100 g) phosphorus (0.17 g/100g) and iron (0.17 mg/100 g) were not influenced by the inclusion of the meal. It was concluded that the meal of tilapia filleting residue influenced carcass quality characteristics of rabbits but did not influence the resistance and the chemical composition of bones.
O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar as características qualitativas da carcaça e a resistência óssea de coelhos alimentados com dietas enriquecidas com farinha de resíduos de filetagem de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Foram utilizados 50 animais, distribuídos em um delineamento interamente casualizado com cinco tratamentos (0%, 1%, 2%, 3% e 4% de inclusão da farinha) e dez repetições. Os valores de proteína bruta, cálcio e fósforo dos músculos dos coelhos, apresentaram efeito quadrático. Os ácidos graxos majoritários no músculo dos coelhos foram 16:0, 18:1n9 e 18:2n6. A resistência média (23,40 Kgf) e a composição química dos ossos, cálcio (20,36g/100g) fósforo (0,17g/100g) e ferro (0,17mg/100g) não foram influenciadas pela inclusão da farinha. Conclui-se que a farinha de resíduos de filetagem de tilápia, influenciou nas características qualitativas da carcaça dos coelhos, porém não influenciou na resistência e na composição química dos ossos.
ABSTRACT
Forty-eight pigs (24 barrows and 24 gilts), Landrace X Large White with initial liveweight of 22.69 kg were subjected to four treatments: diets with 0, 5, 10, and 15% of sunflower cake (SFC). No significant (P > 0.05) effect of dietary treatment was observed on crude protein (19.6%), total fat (15.3%), ash (0.89%), and moisture (63.9%) contents of ham. Fatty acids in all ham (Biceps femoris, Semimembranosus and Semitendinosus) were significantly influenced by diets. Palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids were the most abundant fatty acids in both diets and pork meat. Linoleic acid (18:2n-6) was the most abundant fatty acid under SFC-based diets. Its levels were also higher in ham of pigs fed SFC diets (T2, T3, and T4 with 15.79, 18.66, and 22.85%, respectively) than in that of pig fed the control diet (13.73%). Incorporation of 5, 10, and 15% SFC in pig diet markedly decreased the proportion of monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids and increased polyunsaturated fatty acids in ham (P 0.05).
Quarenta e oito suínos (24 fêmeas e 24 machos), Landrace x Large White com peso vivo inicial de 22.69 kg foram submetidos a quatro tratamentos: dietas com 0 , 5, 10 e 15% de torta de girassol (SFC). Não foram observados efeitos significativos (p > 0.05) nas dietas para os teores de proteína total (19,6%), gordura total (15,3%), cinzas (0,89%) e umidade (63,9%) nos pernis. Os ácidos graxos foram significativamente influenciados pelas dietas. Os ácidos palmítico, oléico e linoléico foram os ácidos graxos mais abundantes tanto nas dietas como no pernil como um todo (Biceps femoris, Semimembranosus and Semitendinosus). Ácido linoléico (18:2n-6) foi o ácido graxo mais abundante nas dietas SFC. Seus níveis também foram maiores em pernis de suínos alimentados com dietas com SFC (T2, T3 e T4 com 15,8, 18,7 e 22,9%, respectivamente) em relação aos suínos que se alimentaram com a dieta controle (13,7%). Incorporação de 5, 10, 15% de SFC em dietas de suínos, diminuem a proporção de ácidos graxos saturados e monoinsaturados e aumentam a de poliinsaturados na carne de pernil (p 0,05).
ABSTRACT
In this study the fatty acid profile in tilápia Oreochromis niloticus alevins carcass, fed with enriched diets from flaxseed oil, was examined at different temperatures (23, 26, 29 and 32oC). Tilapia in its initial phase of development did not present differences (P >0.05) on physical-chemical and lipids compositions, at the different temperatures studied. The fatty acids profile, analyzed by gas chromatography using a capillary column, showed approximately 15% of n-3 fatty acids, with values around 0.12 to 0.18% for the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and from 1.21 to 2.10% for the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Results showed that at lower temperatures 23 and 26oC, Nile tilapia grows less than at higher temperatures around 29 and 32oC. Temperature variation from 23 to 32oC did not influence on fatty acids profile of the alevins
Neste estudo foram analisados o perfil em ácidos graxos de alevinos de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), submetidos a dietas enriquecidas com óleo de linhaça a diferentes temperaturas (23, 26, 29 e 32oC). Tilápias em fase inicial de desenvolvimento não apresentaram diferenças significativas (P > 0,05) em sua composição físico-química e lipídica, nas diferentes temperaturas estudadas. O perfil de ácidos graxos, analisados por cromatografia gasosa equipada com coluna capilar, mostrou aproximadamente 15% de ácidos graxos n-3 com valores em torno de 0,12 a 0,18% para o ácido eicosapentaenóico (EPA) e de 1,21 a 2,10% para o ácido docosahexaenóico (DHA). Os resultados mostraram que a temperaturas mais baixas 23 e 26oC, as tilápias do Nilo cresceram menos que em temperaturas mais altas 29 e 32oC, mas a variação de temperatura entre 23 a 32oC não influenciou no perfil em ácidos graxos dos alevinos
ABSTRACT
In this study the fatty acid profile in tilápia Oreochromis niloticus alevins carcass, fed with enriched diets from flaxseed oil, was examined at different temperatures (23, 26, 29 and 32oC). Tilapia in its initial phase of development did not present differences (P >0.05) on physical-chemical and lipids compositions, at the different temperatures studied. The fatty acids profile, analyzed by gas chromatography using a capillary column, showed approximately 15% of n-3 fatty acids, with values around 0.12 to 0.18% for the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and from 1.21 to 2.10% for the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Results showed that at lower temperatures 23 and 26oC, Nile tilapia grows less than at higher temperatures around 29 and 32oC. Temperature variation from 23 to 32oC did not influence on fatty acids profile of the alevins
Neste estudo foram analisados o perfil em ácidos graxos de alevinos de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), submetidos a dietas enriquecidas com óleo de linhaça a diferentes temperaturas (23, 26, 29 e 32oC). Tilápias em fase inicial de desenvolvimento não apresentaram diferenças significativas (P > 0,05) em sua composição físico-química e lipídica, nas diferentes temperaturas estudadas. O perfil de ácidos graxos, analisados por cromatografia gasosa equipada com coluna capilar, mostrou aproximadamente 15% de ácidos graxos n-3 com valores em torno de 0,12 a 0,18% para o ácido eicosapentaenóico (EPA) e de 1,21 a 2,10% para o ácido docosahexaenóico (DHA). Os resultados mostraram que a temperaturas mais baixas 23 e 26oC, as tilápias do Nilo cresceram menos que em temperaturas mais altas 29 e 32oC, mas a variação de temperatura entre 23 a 32oC não influenciou no perfil em ácidos graxos dos alevinos
ABSTRACT
Lipid and fatty acid levels in the adible flesh of 17 baked freshwater fish from Brazil's southern region were determined. Analyses of fatty acids methyl esters were performed by gas chromatography. Palmitic acid (C16:0) was the predominant saturated fatty acid, accouting for 50-70 per cent of total saturated acids. Linoleic acid (C18:2w6), linolenic acid (C18:3w3), and docosahexaenoid acid (C22:6w3) were the predominar polyunsatured fatty acids (PUFA). The data revealed that species such as barbado, corvina,,pintado, and truta were good sources of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and that most freshwater fish examined were good sources of PUFA-w3