ABSTRACT
KEY MESSAGE: A fully acetylated, soluble CO preparation of mean DP of ca. 7 was perceived with high sensitivity by M. truncatula in a newly designed versatile root elicitation assay. The root system of legume plants interacts with a large variety of microorganisms, either pathogenic or symbiotic. Understanding how legumes recognize and respond specifically to pathogen-associated or symbiotic signals requires the development of standardized bioassays using well-defined preparations of the corresponding signals. Here we describe the preparation of chitin oligosaccharide (CO) fractions from commercial chitin and their characterization by a combination of liquid-state and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We show that the CO fraction with highest degree of polymerization (DP) became essentially insoluble after lyophilization. However, a fully soluble, fully acetylated fraction with a mean DP of ca. 7 was recovered and validated by showing its CERK1-dependent activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. In parallel, we developed a versatile root elicitation bioassay in the model legume Medicago truncatula, using a hydroponic culture system and the Phytophthora ß-glucan elicitor as a control elicitor. We then showed that M. truncatula responded with high sensitivity to the CO elicitor, which caused the production of extracellular reactive oxygen species and the transient induction of a variety of defense-associated genes. In addition, the bioassay allowed detection of elicitor activity in culture filtrates of the oomycete Aphanomyces euteiches, opening the way to the analysis of recognition of this important legume root pathogen by M. truncatula.
