Optomechanical realization of the bosonic Kitaev chain.

The fermionic Kitaev chain is a canonical model featuring topological Majorana zero modes1. We report the experimental realization of its bosonic analogue2 in a nano-optomechanical network, in which the parametric interactions induce beam-splitter coupling and two-mode squeezing among the nanomechanical modes, analogous to hopping and p-wave pairing in the fermionic case, respectively. This specific structure gives rise to a set of extraordinary phenomena in the bosonic dynamics and transport. We observe quadrature-dependent chiral amplification, exponential scaling of the gain with system size and strong sensitivity to boundary conditions. All these are linked to the unique non-Hermitian topological nature of the bosonic Kitaev chain. We probe the topological phase transition and uncover a rich dynamical phase diagram by controlling interaction phases and amplitudes. Finally, we present an experimental demonstration of an exponentially enhanced response to a small perturbation3,4. These results represent the demonstration of a new synthetic phase of matter whose bosonic dynamics do not have fermionic parallels, and we have established a powerful system for studying non-Hermitian topology and its applications for signal manipulation and sensing.

Hybrid cavity-antenna architecture for strong and tunable sideband-selective molecular Raman scattering enhancement.

Plasmon resonances at the surface of metallic antennas allow for extreme enhancement of Raman scattering. Intrinsic to plasmonics, however, is that extreme field confinement lacks precise spectral control, which would hold great promise in shaping the optomechanical interaction between light and molecular vibrations. We demonstrate an experimental platform composed of a plasmonic nanocube-on-mirror antenna coupled to an open, tunable Fabry-Perot microcavity for selective addressing of individual vibrational lines of molecules with strong Raman scattering enhancement. Multiple narrow and intense optical resonances arising from the hybridization of the cavity modes and the plasmonic broad resonance are used to simultaneously enhance the laser pump and the local density of optical states, and are characterized using rigorous modal analysis. The versatile bottom-up fabrication approach permits quantitative comparison with the bare nanocube-on-mirror system, both theoretically and experimentally. This shows that the hybrid system allows for similar SERS enhancement ratios with narrow optical modes, paving the way for dynamical backaction effects in molecular optomechanics.

Enhanced nonlinear optomechanics in a coupled-mode photonic crystal device.

The nonlinear component of the optomechanical interaction between light and mechanical vibration promises many exciting classical and quantum mechanical applications, but is generally weak. Here we demonstrate enhancement of nonlinear optomechanical measurement of mechanical motion by using pairs of coupled optical and mechanical modes in a photonic crystal device. In the same device we show linear optomechanical measurement with a strongly reduced input power and reveal how both enhancements are related. Our design exploits anisotropic mechanical elasticity to create strong coupling between mechanical modes while not changing optical properties. Additional thermo-optic tuning of the optical modes is performed with an auxiliary laser and a thermally-optimised device design. We envision broad use of this enhancement scheme in multimode phonon lasing, two-phonon heralding and eventually nonlinear quantum optomechanics.

On-chip distribution of quantum information using traveling phonons.

Distributing quantum entanglement on a chip is a crucial step toward realizing scalable quantum processors. Using traveling phonons-quantized guided mechanical wave packets-as a medium to transmit quantum states is now gaining substantial attention due to their small size and low propagation speed compared to other carriers, such as electrons or photons. Moreover, phonons are highly promising candidates to connect heterogeneous quantum systems on a chip, such as microwave and optical photons for long-distance transmission of quantum states via optical fibers. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of distributing quantum information using phonons by realizing quantum entanglement between two traveling phonons and creating a time-bin-encoded traveling phononic qubit. The mechanical quantum state is generated in an optomechanical cavity and then launched into a phononic waveguide in which it propagates for around 200 micrometers. We further show how the phononic, together with a photonic qubit, can be used to violate a Bell-type inequality.

Non-Hermitian chiral phononics through optomechanically induced squeezing.

Imposing chirality on a physical system engenders unconventional energy flow and responses, such as the Aharonov-Bohm effect1 and the topological quantum Hall phase for electrons in a symmetry-breaking magnetic field. Recently, great interest has arisen in combining that principle with broken Hermiticity to explore novel topological phases and applications2-16. Here we report phononic states with unique symmetries and dynamics that are formed when combining the controlled breaking of time-reversal symmetry with non-Hermitian dynamics. Both of these are induced through time-modulated radiation pressure forces in small nano-optomechanical networks. We observe chiral energy flow among mechanical resonators in a synthetic dimension and Aharonov-Bohm tuning of their eigenmodes. Introducing particle-non-conserving squeezing interactions, we observe a non-Hermitian Aharonov-Bohm effect in ring-shaped networks in which mechanical quasiparticles experience parametric gain. The resulting complex mode spectra indicate flux-tuning of squeezing, exceptional points, instabilities and unidirectional phononic amplification. This rich phenomenology points the way to exploring new non-Hermitian topological bosonic phases and applications in sensing and transport that exploit spatiotemporal symmetry breaking.

Continuous-wave frequency upconversion with a molecular optomechanical nanocavity.

Coherent upconversion of terahertz and mid-infrared signals into visible light opens new horizons for spectroscopy, imaging, and sensing but represents a challenge for conventional nonlinear optics. Here, we used a plasmonic nanocavity hosting a few hundred molecules to demonstrate optomechanical transduction of submicrowatt continuous-wave signals from the mid-infrared (32 terahertz) onto the visible domain at ambient conditions. The incoming field resonantly drives a collective molecular vibration, which imprints a coherent modulation on a visible pump laser and results in upconverted Raman sidebands with subnatural linewidth. Our dual-band nanocavity offers an estimated 13 orders of magnitude enhancement in upconversion efficiency per molecule. Our results demonstrate that molecular cavity optomechanics is a flexible paradigm for frequency conversion leveraging tailorable molecular and plasmonic properties.

Integrated Molecular Optomechanics with Hybrid Dielectric-Metallic Resonators.

Molecular optomechanics describes surface-enhanced Raman scattering using the formalism of cavity optomechanics as a parametric coupling of the molecule's vibrational modes to the plasmonic resonance. Most of the predicted applications require intense electric field hotspots but spectrally narrow resonances, out of reach of standard plasmonic resonances. The Fano lineshapes resulting from the hybridization of dielectric-plasmonic resonators with a broad-band plasmon and narrow-band cavity mode allow reaching strong Raman enhancement with high-Q resonances, paving the way for sideband resolved molecular optomechanics. We extend the molecular optomechanics formalism to describe hybrid dielectric-plasmonic resonators with multiple optical resonances and with both free-space and waveguide addressing. We demonstrate how the Raman enhancement depends on the complex response functions of the hybrid system, and we retrieve the expression of Raman enhancement as a product of pump enhancement and the local density of states. The model allows prediction of the Raman emission ratio into different output ports and enables demonstrating a fully integrated high-Q Raman resonator exploiting multiple cavity modes coupled to the same waveguide.

Floquet Phonon Lasing in Multimode Optomechanical Systems.

Dynamical radiation pressure effects in cavity optomechanical systems give rise to self-sustained oscillations or 'phonon lasing' behavior, producing stable oscillators up to GHz frequencies in nanoscale devices. Like in photonic lasers, phonon lasing normally occurs in a single mechanical mode. We show here that mode-locked, multimode phonon lasing can be established in a multimode optomechanical system through Floquet dynamics induced by a temporally modulated laser drive. We demonstrate this concept in a suitably engineered silicon photonic nanocavity coupled to multiple GHz-frequency mechanical modes. We find that the long-term frequency stability is significantly improved in the multimode lasing state as a result of the mode locking. These results provide a path toward highly stable ultracompact oscillators, pulsed phonon lasing, coherent waveform synthesis, and emergent many-mode phenomena in oscillator arrays.

Roadmap on quantum nanotechnologies.

Quantum phenomena are typically observable at length and time scales smaller than those of our everyday experience, often involving individual particles or excitations. The past few decades have seen a revolution in the ability to structure matter at the nanoscale, and experiments at the single particle level have become commonplace. This has opened wide new avenues for exploring and harnessing quantum mechanical effects in condensed matter. These quantum phenomena, in turn, have the potential to revolutionize the way we communicate, compute and probe the nanoscale world. Here, we review developments in key areas of quantum research in light of the nanotechnologies that enable them, with a view to what the future holds. Materials and devices with nanoscale features are used for quantum metrology and sensing, as building blocks for quantum computing, and as sources and detectors for quantum communication. They enable explorations of quantum behaviour and unconventional states in nano- and opto-mechanical systems, low-dimensional systems, molecular devices, nano-plasmonics, quantum electrodynamics, scanning tunnelling microscopy, and more. This rapidly expanding intersection of nanotechnology and quantum science/technology is mutually beneficial to both fields, laying claim to some of the most exciting scientific leaps of the last decade, with more on the horizon.

Direct quantification of topological protection in symmetry-protected photonic edge states at telecom wavelengths.

Topological on-chip photonics based on tailored photonic crystals (PhCs) that emulate quantum valley-Hall effects has recently gained widespread interest owing to its promise of robust unidirectional transport of classical and quantum information. We present a direct quantitative evaluation of topological photonic edge eigenstates and their transport properties in the telecom wavelength range using phase-resolved near-field optical microscopy. Experimentally visualizing the detailed sub-wavelength structure of these modes propagating along the interface between two topologically non-trivial mirror-symmetric lattices allows us to map their dispersion relation and differentiate between the contributions of several higher-order Bloch harmonics. Selective probing of forward- and backward-propagating modes as defined by their phase velocities enables direct quantification of topological robustness. Studying near-field propagation in controlled defects allows us to extract upper limits of topological protection in on-chip photonic systems in comparison with conventional PhC waveguides. We find that protected edge states are two orders of magnitude more robust than modes of conventional PhC waveguides. This direct experimental quantification of topological robustness comprises a crucial step toward the application of topologically protected guiding in integrated photonics, allowing for unprecedented error-free photonic quantum networks.

Super-Resolution without Imaging: Library-Based Approaches Using Near-to-Far-Field Transduction by a Nanophotonic Structure.

Super-resolution imaging is often viewed in terms of engineering narrow point spread functions, but nanoscale optical metrology can be performed without real-space imaging altogether. In this paper, we investigate how partial knowledge of scattering nanostructures enables extraction of nanoscale spatial information from far-field radiation patterns. We use principal component analysis to find patterns in calibration data and use these patterns to retrieve the position of a point source of light. In an experimental realization using angle-resolved cathodoluminescence, we retrieve the light source position with an average error below λ/100. The patterns found by principal component analysis reflect the underlying scattering physics and reveal the role the scattering nanostructure plays in localization success. The technique described here is highly general and can be applied to gain insight into and perform subdiffractive parameter retrieval in various applications.

Direct observation of topological edge states in silicon photonic crystals: Spin, dispersion, and chiral routing.

Topological protection in photonics offers new prospects for guiding and manipulating classical and quantum information. The mechanism of spin-orbit coupling promises the emergence of edge states that are helical, exhibiting unidirectional propagation that is topologically protected against back scattering. We directly observe the topological states of a photonic analog of electronic materials exhibiting the quantum spin Hall effect, living at the interface between two silicon photonic crystals with different topological order. Through the far-field radiation that is inherent to the states' existence, we characterize their properties, including linear dispersion and low loss. We find that the edge state pseudospin is encoded in unique circular far-field polarization and linked to unidirectional propagation, thus revealing a signature of the underlying photonic spin-orbit coupling. We use this connection to selectively excite different edge states with polarized light and directly visualize their routing along sharp chiral waveguide junctions.

Synthetic gauge fields for phonon transport in a nano-optomechanical system.

Gauge fields in condensed matter physics give rise to nonreciprocal and topological transport phenomena and exotic electronic states1. Nanomechanical systems are applied as sensors and in signal processing, and feature strong nonlinearities. Gauge potentials acting on such systems could induce quantum Hall physics for phonons at the nanoscale. Here, we demonstrate a magnetic gauge field for nanomechanical vibrations in a scalable, on-chip optomechanical system. We induce the gauge field through multi-mode optomechanical interactions, which have been proposed as a resource for the necessary breaking of time-reversal symmetry2-4. In a dynamically modulated nanophotonic system, we observe how radiation pressure forces mediate phonon transport between resonators of different frequencies. The resulting controllable interaction, which is characterized by a high rate and nonreciprocal phase, mimics the Aharonov-Bohm effect5. We show that the introduced scheme does not require high-quality cavities, such that it allows exploring topological acoustic phases in many-mode systems resilient to realistic disorder.

State Preparation and Tomography of a Nanomechanical Resonator with Fast Light Pulses.

Pulsed optomechanical measurements enable squeezing, nonclassical state creation, and backaction-free sensing. We demonstrate pulsed measurement of a cryogenic nanomechanical resonator with record precision close to the quantum regime. We use these to prepare thermally squeezed and purified conditional mechanical states, and to perform full state tomography. These demonstrations exploit large vacuum optomechanical coupling in a nanophotonic cavity to reach a single-pulse imprecision of 9 times the mechanical zero-point amplitude x_{zpf}. We study the effect of other mechanical modes that limit the conditional state width to 58x_{zpf}, and show how decoherence causes the state to grow in time.

Optomechanically Induced Birefringence and Optomechanically Induced Faraday Effect.

We demonstrate an optomechanical platform where optical mode conversion mediated by mechanical motion enables the arbitrary tailoring of polarization states of propagating light fields. Optomechanical interactions are realized in a Fabry-Pérot resonator, which naturally supports two polarization-degenerate states while an optical control field induces rotational symmetry breaking. Applying such principles, the entire Poincaré sphere is spanned by just optical control of the driving field, realizing reciprocal and nonreciprocal optomechanically induced birefringence for linearly polarized and circularly polarized control driving. A straightforward extension of this setup also enables all-optical tunable isolation and circulation. Our findings open new avenues to exploit optomechanics for the arbitrary manipulation of light polarization.

Controlling Nanoantenna Polarizability through Backaction via a Single Cavity Mode.

The polarizability α determines the absorption, extinction, and scattering by small particles. Beyond being purely set by scatterer size and material, in fact polarizability can be affected by backaction: the influence of the photonic environment on the scatterer. As such, controlling the strength of backaction provides a tool to tailor the (radiative) properties of nanoparticles. Here, we control the backaction between broadband scatterers and a single mode of a high-quality cavity. We demonstrate that backaction from a microtoroid ring resonator significantly alters the polarizability of an array of nanorods: the polarizability is renormalized as fields scattered from-and returning to-the nanorods via the ring resonator depolarize the rods. Moreover, we show that it is possible to control the strength of the backaction by exploiting the diffractive properties of the array. This perturbation of a strong scatterer by a nearby cavity has important implications for hybrid plasmonic-photonic resonators and the understanding of coupled optical resonators in general.

Optical circulation in a multimode optomechanical resonator.

Breaking the symmetry of electromagnetic wave propagation enables important technological functionality. In particular, circulators are nonreciprocal components that can route photons directionally in classical or quantum photonic circuits and offer prospects for fundamental research on electromagnetic transport. Developing highly efficient circulators thus presents an important challenge, especially to realise compact reconfigurable implementations that do not rely on magnetic fields to break reciprocity. We demonstrate optical circulation utilising radiation pressure interactions in an on-chip multimode optomechanical system. Mechanically mediated optical mode conversion in a silica microtoroid provides a synthetic gauge bias for light, enabling four-port circulation that exploits tailored interference between appropriate light paths. We identify two sideband conditions under which ideal circulation is approached. This allows to experimentally demonstrate ~10 dB isolation and <3 dB insertion loss in all relevant channels. We show the possibility of actively controlling the circulator properties, enabling ideal opportunities for reconfigurable integrated nanophotonic circuits.

Integrated nano-opto-electro-mechanical sensor for spectrometry and nanometrology.

Spectrometry is widely used for the characterization of materials, tissues, and gases, and the need for size and cost scaling is driving the development of mini and microspectrometers. While nanophotonic devices provide narrowband filtering that can be used for spectrometry, their practical application has been hampered by the difficulty of integrating tuning and read-out structures. Here, a nano-opto-electro-mechanical system is presented where the three functionalities of transduction, actuation, and detection are integrated, resulting in a high-resolution spectrometer with a micrometer-scale footprint. The system consists of an electromechanically tunable double-membrane photonic crystal cavity with an integrated quantum dot photodiode. Using this structure, we demonstrate a resonance modulation spectroscopy technique that provides subpicometer wavelength resolution. We show its application in the measurement of narrow gas absorption lines and in the interrogation of fiber Bragg gratings. We also explore its operation as displacement-to-photocurrent transducer, demonstrating optomechanical displacement sensing with integrated photocurrent read-out.

Nonlinear cavity optomechanics with nanomechanical thermal fluctuations.

Although the interaction between light and motion in cavity optomechanical systems is inherently nonlinear, experimental demonstrations to date have allowed a linearized description in all except highly driven cases. Here, we demonstrate a nanoscale optomechanical system in which the interaction between light and motion is so large (single-photon cooperativity C0≈103) that thermal motion induces optical frequency fluctuations larger than the intrinsic optical linewidth. The system thereby operates in a fully nonlinear regime, which pronouncedly impacts the optical response, displacement measurement and radiation pressure backaction. Specifically, we measure an apparent optical linewidth that is dominated by thermo-mechanically induced frequency fluctuations over a wide temperature range, and show that in this regime thermal displacement measurements cannot be described by conventional analytical models. We perform a proof-of-concept demonstration of exploiting the nonlinearity to conduct sensitive quadratic readout of nanomechanical displacement. Finally, we explore how backaction in this regime affects the mechanical fluctuation spectra.