ABSTRACT
Large-eddy simulations of an observed single-layer Arctic mixed-phase cloud are analyzed to study the value of forward modeling of profiling millimeter-wave cloud radar Doppler spectral width for model evaluation. Individual broadening terms and their uncertainties are quantified for the observed spectral width and compared to modeled broadening terms. Modeled turbulent broadening is narrower than the observed values when the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate from the subgrid-scale model is used in the forward model. The total dissipation rates, estimated with the subgrid-scale dissipation rates and the numerical dissipation rates, agree much better with both the retrieved dissipation rates and those inferred from the power spectra of the simulated vertical air velocity. The comparison of the microphysical broadening provides another evaluative measure of the ice properties in the simulation. To accurately retrieve dissipation rates as well as each broadening term from the observations, we suggest a few modifications to previously presented techniques. First, we show that the inertial subrange spectra filtered with the radar sampling volume is a better underlying model than the unfiltered -5/3 law for the retrieval of the dissipation rate from the power spectra of the mean Doppler velocity. Second, we demonstrate that it is important to filter out turbulence and remove the layer-mean reflectivity-weighted mean fall speed from the observed mean Doppler velocity to avoid overestimation of shear broadening. Finally, we provide a method to quantify the uncertainty in the retrieved dissipation rates, which eventually propagates to the uncertainty in the microphysical broadening.
ABSTRACT
A rapidly fatal encephalomyelitis, which was in most cases characterized by ascending paralysis, developed in seven children of the age of 3 to 10 years in a bushnegro village in the interior of Surinam. Rabies virus was recovered from the central nervous system of three autopsied children. Although the source of infection has not been detected, there is an indication that, at least in some cases, the disease has been transmitted by rat-bite rather than by vampire bats. During the same period a few cases of minor febrile illness occurred in the same community. Since virological and serological evidence of a wide-spread distribution of Coxsackie A virus type 4 was obtained, the latter illness may presumably be attributed to this virus.
Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks/epidemiology , Rabies/epidemiology , Animals , Antibodies, Viral/analysis , Central Nervous System/microbiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Encephalomyelitis/epidemiology , Encephalomyelitis/microbiology , Enterovirus/immunology , Enterovirus/isolation & purification , Feces/microbiology , Female , Humans , Male , Mice , Paralysis/epidemiology , Rabbits , Rabies/microbiology , Rabies/transmission , Rabies virus/immunology , Rabies virus/isolation & purification , Rats , SurinameSubject(s)
Chiroptera , Rabies virus/isolation & purification , Animals , Cattle , Cross Reactions , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Guinea Pigs , Methods , Mice , Neutralization Tests , Rabbits , Rabies virus/immunology , SurinameSubject(s)
Central Nervous System/pathology , Poliovirus/pathogenicity , Virulence , Animals , Antigens/analysis , Child, Preschool , Culture Techniques , Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral , Feces/microbiology , Haplorhini , Humans , Immune Sera , Infant , Kidney , Netherlands , Neutralization Tests , Poliovirus/immunology , Poliovirus/isolation & purification , Rabbits , Sewage , TemperatureABSTRACT
Publicado en ingles en el Bull. WHO 9(4):559, 1953
