ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Eruptive naevi have been described to potentially arise in immune compromised patients. OBJECTIVES: We describe three patients with eruptive benign melanocytic naevi during a phase of immunosuppressive therapy. METHODS/DIAGNOSIS: Two patients with Crohn disease were treated with either azathioprine monotherapy or a combination of azathioprine and infliximab, when eruptive naevi arose particularly at the palms and soles. Our third patient with plaque psoriasis developed eruptive naevi during two episodes of treatment: during a course with the biological agent alefacept and during etanercept therapy. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that treatment with the recently available biological agents might be associated with the formation of eruptive naevi. Although positive evidence for the occurrence of malignant pigmented lesions is lacking, alertness to the development of eruptive melanocytic naevi during treatment with biological agents is indicated.
Subject(s)
Drug Eruptions/etiology , Immunologic Factors/adverse effects , Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects , Nevus, Pigmented/chemically induced , Skin Neoplasms/chemically induced , Adult , Azathioprine/adverse effects , Drug Eruptions/immunology , Drug Eruptions/pathology , Female , Humans , Immunocompromised Host , Male , Middle Aged , Nevus, Pigmented/immunology , Nevus, Pigmented/pathology , Skin Neoplasms/immunology , Skin Neoplasms/pathologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Schizophrenia impairs performance on explicit, but not implicit, memory tasks, indicating that conscious awareness at retrieval is a critical determinant of impaired memory. The authors investigated implicit learning, i.e., knowledge acquisition in the absence of conscious awareness, in patients with schizophrenia. METHOD: An artificial grammar learning task was used to assess implicit learning in 48 patients with schizophrenia and 24 healthy comparison subjects. The subjects were first presented with letter strings that were generated according to the rules of a finite-state grammar paradigm. They were then required to indicate whether new letter strings were "grammatical," depending on whether or not the strings corresponded to the rules. IQ, working memory, explicit memory, verbal fluency, and speed of processing were also assessed. RESULTS: Patients performed significantly worse than the comparison subjects on cognitive tasks that assessed episodic memory, verbal fluency, working memory, and speed of processing. In contrast, patients classified as being correct more grammatical than nongrammatical letter strings, and the magnitude of the difference was similar to that observed in healthy comparison subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Implicit learning, as assessed with an artificial grammar learning task, is intact in patients with schizophrenia. Conscious awareness might be a critical determinant of memory impairment both at encoding and at retrieval.
