ABSTRACT
In the present work we used a murine mammary cancer model of two related adenocarcinomas with different lung metastasizing abilities, to compare their global gene expression profiles. Clontech Atlas mouse cDNA microarrays of primary cultured tumor cells were employed to identify genes that are modulated in the more metastatic variant MM3 relative to its parental tumor M3. A total of 88 from 1,176 genes were differentially expressed in MM3 primary cultures, most of them (n=86) were upregulated. Genes were grouped according to their functions as associated with signal transduction and transcription regulation (e.g. Stat1 and Zfp 92), with cell adhesion and motility (cadherin 1, fibronectin), with invasion and angiogenesis (uPA, 72 kDa MMP2), with the regulation of cell proliferation and cell death (cyclins G and A2, TNF), and also included growth factors and receptors, oncogenes and tumor suppressors genes (p107, TGFbeta2, TBR-I, PDGFR). Only 2 genes, TTF1 and fibronectin (FN), showed a significant downregulation. Notably FN expression, loss of which has been associated with a malignant phenotype, was reduced about 19-fold in the more metastatic MM3 cells. Previously known differences in expression patterns associated with the metastatic capacity of MM3 and M3 adenocarcinomas, including downregulation of FN or upregulated expression of TGFbeta and proteases, were confirmed by the array data. The fact that FN was one of the only two genes significantly down-regulated out of the 1,176 genes analyzed stresses the hypothesis that FN may behave as an important metastasis suppressor gene in mammary cancer.
Subject(s)
Adenocarcinoma/metabolism , Fibronectins/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism , Neoplasm Metastasis/genetics , Adenocarcinoma/genetics , Adenocarcinoma/pathology , Animals , Blotting, Western , Down-Regulation , Female , Fibronectins/genetics , Gene Expression , Gene Expression Profiling , Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics , Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology , Mice , Oligonucleotide Array Sequence AnalysisABSTRACT
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) plays complex roles in carcinogenesis, as it may exert both tumor suppressor and pro-oncogenic activities depending on the stage of the tumor. SMAD proteins transduce signals from the TGF-beta receptors to regulate the transcription of specific target genes. Crosstalks with other signaling pathways may contribute to the specificity of TGF-beta effects. In this report, we have investigated the effects of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP), a key second messenger in the cellular response to various hormones, on SMAD-dependent signaling in human HaCaT keratinocytes. Using either an artificial SMAD3/4-dependent reporter construct or the natural TGF-beta target, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, we show that membrane-permeable dibutyryl cAMP, and other intracellular cAMP-elevating agents such as the phosphodiesterase inhibitor isobutyl-methylxanthine, the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin, or exogenous prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interfere with TGF-beta-induced SMAD-specific gene transactivation. Inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA), the main downstream effector of cAMP, with H-89, suppressed cAMP-dependent repression of SMAD-driven gene expression. Inversely, coexpression of either an active PKA catalytic subunit or that of the cAMP response element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB) blocked SMAD-driven gene transactivation. cAMP-elevating agents did not inhibit nuclear translocation and DNA binding of SMAD3/4 complexes, but abolished the interactions of SMAD3 with the transcription coactivators CREB-binding protein (CBP) and p300 in a PKA-dependent manner. These results suggest that suppression of TGF-beta/SMAD signaling and resulting gene transactivation by cAMP-inducing agents occurs via PKA-dependent, CREB-mediated, disruption of SMAD-CBP/p300 complexes.
