Cognate effects and cognitive control in patients with parallel and differential bilingual aphasia.

BACKGROUND: Until today, there is no satisfying explanation for why one language may recover worse than another in differential bilingual aphasia. One potential explanation that has been largely unexplored is that differential aphasia is the consequence of a loss of language control rather than a loss of linguistic representations. Language control is part of a general control mechanism that also manages non-linguistic cognitive control. If this system is impaired, patients with differential aphasia could still show bilingual language activation, but they may be unable to manage activation in non-target languages, so that performance in another language is hindered. AIMS: To investigate whether a loss of cognitive control, rather than the loss of word representations in a particular language, might underlie differential aphasia symptoms. METHODS & PROCEDURES: We compared the performance of seven bilinguals with differential and eight bilinguals with parallel aphasia with 19 control bilinguals in a lexical decision and a flanker task to assess bilingual language co-activation and non-linguistic control respectively. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: We found similar cognate effects in the three groups, indicating similar lexical processing across groups. Additionally, we found a larger non-linguistic control congruency effect only for the patients with differential aphasia. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: The present data indicate preserved language co-activation for patients with parallel as well as differential aphasia. Furthermore, the results suggest a general cognitive control dysfunction, specifically for differential aphasia. Taken together, the results of the current study provide further support for the hypothesis of impaired cognitive control abilities in patients with differential aphasia, which has both theoretical and practical implications.

Cognate Effects and Executive Control in a Patient with Differential Bilingual Aphasia.

We describe a case study of a French-Dutch bilingual patient with differential aphasia, showing clearly larger impairments in Dutch than in French. We investigated whether this differential impairment in both languages was due to selective damage to language-specific brain areas resulting in the "loss" of the language representation itself, or rather if it reflects an executive control deficit. We assessed cross-linguistic interactions (involving lexical activation in the most affected language) with cognates in a lexical decision (LD) task, and executive control using a flanker task. We used a generalized LD task (any word requires a "yes" response) and a selective LD task in the patient's two languages (only words in a given target language require a "yes" response). The cognate data unveil a differential pattern in the three tasks, with a clear cognate facilitation effect in the generalized LD tasks and almost no cognate effect in the selective LD tasks. This implies that a more impaired language can still affect the processing of words in the best-preserved language, but only with low cross-language competition demands (generalized LD). Additionally, the flanker task showed a larger congruency effect for the patient compared with controls, indicating cognitive control difficulties. Together, these results support accounts of differential bilingual aphasia in terms of language-control difficulties.

Cognitive differences between patients with left-sided and right-sided Parkinson's disease. A review.

At disease onset, patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) typically report one side of the body to be more affected than the other. Previous studies have reported that this motor symptom asymmetry is associated with asymmetric dopaminergic degeneration in the brain. Research on the cognitive repercussions of this asymmetric degeneration has yielded inconsistent results. Here, we review studies that reported on the cognitive performance of patients with left-sided (LPD) or right-sided (RPD) motor symptom predominance. We present evidence that patients with RPD typically experience problems with language-related tasks and verbal memory, whereas patients with LPD more often perform worse on tasks of spatial attention, visuospatial orienting and memory and mental imagery. In general, no differences were found between both groups on tasks measuring attention and executive function. The association between motor asymmetry and cognitive performance indicates that PD does not lead to one typical cognitive profile. The effect of symptom laterality on the cognitive complaints should be considered in the assessment and treatment of each individual patient.