[The role of the intraoperative manometry in the esophageal achalasia surgical treatment]. / Il ruolo della manometria intraoperatoria nel trattamento chirurgico dell'acalasia esofagea.

INTRODUCTION: The authors report their experience about the intraoperative manometry in the achalasia surgical treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We have considered 239 patients with achalasia observed from 1994 to 2006; only 79 continued the path diagnostic therapeutic and 31 underwent Heller longitudinal miotomy, with Dor anti-reflux plastic in 25 patients and in 6 Nissen anti-reflux plastic. In 24 we performed the intraoperative manometry (MI) recording the high pressure areas. RESULTS: The patients underwent Heller's procedure with manometric check of the gastric muscular fibre sectioned areas reported the disappearance of the dysphagia. Three of the operated ones without using the MI complained about the persistence of mild dysphagia and it did not depend from the antireflux surgical procedure used. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm that the extramucosal miotomy is the treatment of choice for the achalasia and suggest that by MI a complete miotomy is allowed mostly on the gastric side where the muscular fibres get an important role in the maintenance of the high pressure areas.

[Gallstone ileus: diagnosis and treatment. Case report]. / Ileo biliare: diagnosi e trattamento. Case report.

The authors present a case of gallstone intermittent ileus caused by the passage of a big gallstone (about 4 cm in diameter) in the intestinal lumen, through a cholecystoduodenal fistula. They emphasize the peculiarity of the case for the characteristics of symptoms and for casual diagnostic check-up with a ultrasonography. The disease is not frequently diagnosed; today it has a safe recognition by modern imaging. The symptoms can be intermittent and, even when there are the classic signs of intestinal occlusion, the site of the occlusion is various. With a timely endoscopical or surgical approach (open or laparoscopic) it is possible to reduce mortality of patients treated in emergency.

[A gastric polypoid signet ring cell carcinoma]. / Carcinoma con cellule ad anello con castone insorto in polipo gastrico.

AIM: The authors signal a case of gastric polypoid signet ring cell carcinoma, of particular interest for its rarity like show from the review of the literature, which is the first to have been described after Tabaru's citation. METHODS: The study has been carried out at the Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences of the University of Palermo. It has been based on 2000 cases analysed from June 2001 to December 2003. RESULTS: The authors advance some and emphasizes the diagnostic flow chart and therapeutic choices adopted. CONCLUSIONS: We agree that the endoscopic polypectomy is surgical procedure of first approach, but modifying the therapeutic guideline in relation to histologic examination, like happened in the case in issue.

Production of cytokines at the operation site.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Cytokines are part of a family of molecules involved in the initiation, control and termination of the events that occurs in wound healing process. Aim of this study was to evaluate the production of some cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-1alpha, IL-1ra, interferon (IFN)-gamma] in the drainage wound fluid from patients undergoing incisional hernia repair. METHODS: Ten female patients with abdominal midline incisional hernia undergoing to surgical repair were included in this study. In all cases a closed suction drain was placed in the wound below the fascia and it was removed on the 4th postoperative day. Wound fluid was collected on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th day and its amount in each time was recorded. The production of IL-6, IL-10, IL-1alpha, IL-1ra and IFN-gamma were evaluated as quantity produced in 24 hour. RESULTS: In all patients the amount of drain fluid from surgical wound was highest on the 1st day after surgery, afterwards there is a significant reduction. The production of all cytokines evaluated was highest on the 1st day decreasing on the 2nd day except for IL-1alpha that not show any modification. The produciton of IL-1ra, IL-6, IL-1alpha and IL-10 was significantly reduced on the 3rd and 4th postoperative day in comparison with the respectively values recorded on the 1st day, whereas IFN-gamma levels were similar. CONCLUSIONS: The dosage of cytokines in the drain fluid led us to better evaluated the events that follow surgical wound and their analysis offers further information in the role of cytokines in healing process, with the goal to get supportive treatments to promote the best evolution.

[Ultrasonic dissector for total thyroidectomy: results of prospective randomized study]. / Tiroidectomia totale con impiego del dissettore ad ultrasuoni: risultati di uno studio prospettico randomizzato.

In the last years, the introduction and employment in surgery of the dissectors of last generation (ultrasounds, radiofrequency, etc.) have contributed to a remarkable improvement and simplification of the performances and the surgical techniques. The present study has the aim to verify, on the basis of the experience made in the last two years and through a careful comparisons with operations performed in the usual way, the advantages of employment of ultrasonic dissector in thyroid surgery and if besides such advantages it is possible to obtain real and substantial reductions of the complications. To such aim a randomized perspective study has been lead, confronting two groups of 60 patients, submitted to total thyroidectomy in Chair of General Surgery and Surgical Physiopathology of the University of Palermo-Complex Operating Unit of General Surgery. In all patients have been considered age, sex, histological diagnosis, length of the incision, time (from the incision until suture of skin), entity of the bleeding, hospital stay, post-operative consequences and total costs of thyroidectomy. The elaboration of the obtained data shows the advantages following to the use of the dissectors of last generation: reduction of the times, reduction of the complications, better tolerance of the operation by patients, better rationalization of the resources.

[Observations about a case of giant splenic cyst]. / Osservazione a proposito di un caso di cisti gigante della milza.

The Authors, on the basis of a case of giant spleen cyst with positive tumoral markers, analyse some epidemiological and clinical aspects related to splenic non parasitic cysts. They affirm the priority of the conservative surgery, whenever possible, followed by an appropriate follow-up, although in this case their therapeutic choice was radical, due to the lack of residual parenchyma. In accordance with the data of several publications, as well as on the basis of the results obtained, the conservative approaches have been reevaluated, above all in view of the modern findings related to the function of the spleen. The conservative approach cannot be carried out in the following cases: neoplastic diseases, increase of the tumoral markers serum levels, total involvement of the splenic parenchyma by cysts.

Artificial nutrition for the treatment of short bowel syndrome.

BACKGROUND: In the short bowel syndromes (SBS) it is often difficult to grant a correct and sufficient alimentary supply only by ordinary natural nutrition. In the present research, we will study the prospective possibilities of integrating the nutritional supply making resort to artificial nutrition techniques in patients with SBS. METHODS: We have treated 7 patients with SBS, 6 males and 1 female, whose age was ranging from 29 and 70 years. They all underwent wide intestinal resection, 2 of them for massive infarct, 4 for Crohn's disease, 1 for bowel volvolus. An evaluation of nutritional and immunological conditions was performed on all of them, determining: albumin, transferrin, C-reactive protein, prealbumin, leukocyte count, skin test. In a second time, a protocol was implemented, based on total parenteral nutrition for the first 5 days, with scalar calorie supply up to a total of 35 kcal/kg/die; on day 6 after the operation, the parenteral caloric supply was reduced of 500 kcal/die, being compensated by the introduction of an equal caloric ration by nasointestinal tube with peristaltic pump having a flow of 20 mL/h. In the following days, the parenteral caloric supply was reduced of 500 cal each 48 hours, being substituted with an equal enteral supply in order to progressively reach a complete abandonment of parenteral nutrition. RESULTS: All the patients have a follow-up of 2 to 5 years; today they follow a high-calorie hyperglycidic, hypolipidic diet; no signs of malnutrition are shown by clinical and laboratory analysis. CONCLUSIONS: In the light of the data in our possession, it can be understood that nutritional therapy is the main treatment for SBS; parenteral subministration has to be abandoned during the postoperatory course to give way to enteral nutrition, in order to create a physiological stimulus able to make the digestive system rapidly adapt to the new situation.

Severe obstructive jaundice in a 90-year-old man caused by an annular pancreas. Report of a case.

Although the annular pancreas is a rare congenital malformation of the pancreatic glandular parenchyma, this pathology often remains asymptomatic until the adult or old age and can represent an incidental finding during an ERCP or an abdominal Computed Tomography, because the clinical appearance of this condition can be of very various kinds. We present a case of an extra-hepatic jaundice in a 90-year-old man, caused by an annular pancreas constricting coledochus. Description of this case results very interesting and particular for two reasons: the very old age of the patient, probably the oldest recorded, and the unusual clinical appearance: obstructive jaundice as beginning one symptom of this malformation.

High levels of exogenous C2-ceramide promote morphological and biochemical evidences of necrotic features in thyroid follicular cells.

CD95 and ceramide are known to be involved in the apoptotic mechanism. The triggering of CD95 induces a cascade of metabolic events that progressively and dramatically modifies the cell shape by intense membrane blebbing, leading to apoptotic bodies production. Although the CD95 pathway has been abundantly described in normal thyrocytes, the effects of cell permeable synthetic ceramide at morphological and biochemical levels are not fully known. In the present study, we show that thyroid follicular cells (TFC) exposed to 20 microM of C(2)-ceramide for 4 h are characterized by morphological features of necrosis, such as electron-lucent cytoplasm, mitochondrial swelling, and loss of plasma membrane integrity without drastic morphological changes in the nuclei. By contrast, TFC treated with 2 microM of C(2)-ceramide for 4 h are able to accumulate GD3, activate caspases cascade, and induce apoptosis. Furthermore, we provide evidence that 20 microM of C(2)-ceramide determine the destruction of mitochondria and are not able to induce PARP cleavage and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, suggesting that the apoptotic program is not activated during the death process and nuclear DNA is randomly cleaved as the consequence of cellular degeneration. Pretreatment with 30 microM of zVAD-fmk rescued TFC from 2 microM of C(2)-ceramide-induced apoptosis, whereas, 20 microM of C(2)-ceramide exposure induced necrotic features. Deltapsi(m) was obviously altered in cells treated with 20 microM of C(2)-ceramide for 4 h (75% +/- 3.5%) compared with the low percentage (12.5% +/- 0.4%) of cells with altered Deltapsi(m) exposed to 2 microM of C(2)-ceramide. Whereas, only 20% +/- 1.1% of cells treated with anti-CD95 for 1 h showed altered Deltapsi(m). Additionally, Bax and Bak, two pro-apoptotic members, seem to be not oligomerized in the mitochondrial membrane following ceramide exposure. These results imply that high levels of exogenous ceramide contribute to the necrotic process in TFC, and may provide key molecular basis to the understanding of thyroid signaling pathways that might promote the apoptotic mechanism in thyroid tumoral cells.

Role of color flow Doppler sonography in pre-operative diagnostics of the thyroid pathology.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this work is to demonstrate the high effectiveness of preoperative diagnosis by echotomographic study of thyroid nodules through color-Doppler sonography integrated by B-mode. The authors performed both B-mode ultrasonography and color-Doppler sonography on 125 patients expecting total thyroidectomy surgical intervention, without a previous evaluation of a number of other already performed clinical and instrumental tests. After the intervention, we compared the histologic test with the data drawn from the ultrasound scan, in order to demonstrate that color-Doppler sonography is able to provide for additional diagnostic information in the preoperative period. METHODS: One hundred and twenty five patients with thyroid pathologies were examined by both B-mode and color-Doppler sonography. Two diagnoses were made for each clinical case: the first supported by B-mode data, the second based on vascularity. Our aim was to check color-Doppler's ability to provide new information in the ultrasound diagnosis. All patients underwent a total thyroidectomy surgical intervention. The data were examined by K concordance test. RESULTS: Ultrasound data were compared with the histologic test, which showed 118 (97.4%) benign and 7 (5.6%) malignant lesions. B-mode ultrasound test gave a correct diagnosis in 115 (97%) out of 118 benign lesions and in 4 (57%) out of 7 malignant lesions, while 3 (2.5%) out of 118 cases were false positive and 3 (42.8%) out of 7 were false negative. In those cases showing a wrong conventional ultrasound diagnosis, after the integration of B-mode with color-Doppler results, a decrease was recorded in both false negative and false positive. CONCLUSIONS: Even if no correspondence was found between the different aspects of blood flow and the histologic types of lesions, this experience proves that the color-Doppler test has a high predictive value of benignity in cases with pattern I II and IV, while lesions with pattern III should be more carefully examined, since both malignant and benign lesions belong to this group. From the data drawn from this study, we are able to infer that color-Doppler sonography is undoubtedly an advantage not only in terms of cutting the false negatives, but also in the aim of obtaining a higher effectiveness in the screening of goitrogenic pathology.

[Muscular and subcutaneous hydatidosis]. / Idatidosi muscolare e sottocutanea.

Among unusual echinococcus cysts, muscular hydatidosis merits particular attention. Careful analysis of the statistics provided by the literature shows that the condition is not all that rare: its incidence varies from 0.5 to 4.7%, making it less common than hepatic or pulmonary cysts but more frequent than cysts of the kidneys, bone, pancreas, spleen or mesenterium. There are disagreements about the percentage distribution in the various muscular districts but it seems that the incidence gradually decreases as we go from the muscles of the torso and the root of the limbs to the distal extremities. The Palermo University case series includes 6 cases of which 5 muscular and one in the connective tissue. Of the 4 muscular cases, only one is to be considered secondary. For the purposes of correct preoperative diagnosis we should not neglect either anamnestic data or laboratory tests. Though the latter are not specific they are helpful for differential diagnosis from other muscular neoformation. Exploratory centesis that must be performed very cautiously in order to prevent dissemination appears to be more specific. Radiography and ultrasound examinations permit the direct study of cystic formations and a general assessment of the possibility of multiple hydatid locations. The only possible treatment is surgical. Though total removal of the cyst is the operation of choice, this is not always possible if the cyst is very big and adhering to other structures. In this case the procedure to be adopted is sterilisation and aspiration of the content, removal of the membrane and treatment of the pericystium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)