ABSTRACT
Inflammation, angiogenesis and cytokine production are common features of almost, if not all tumors. However, the extent of these processes induced by different types of tumors has not been evaluated. We investigated the growth pattern of the experimental metastatic tumors, B16F10 melanoma, CT26.WT colon and 4T1 mammary cells inoculated in the flank of syngeneic mice and determined the degree of inflammation, angiogenesis, and production level of pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic cytokines within the tumors. In addition, we have analyzed vascular changes in the interface between the tumors and the adjacent cutaneous tissue and levels of relevant pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic cytokines systemically. The weight of tumors 15 days post-inoculation of 10(6) cells was markedly different. Melanomas were 2 and 10-fold heavier than colon and mammary tumors, respectively. Locally, CT26.WT tumor cells induced more vessels in cutaneous tissue adjacent to the tumors but systemically, the plasma levels of VEGF were higher (approximately 2-fold) in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice compared with the other two tumors. Mammary tumors presented the most prominent inflammatory content as assessed by a range of markers (inflammatory enzymes and cytokines). The vascular index, as determined by the intra-tumor amount of hemoglobin and number of vessels in hot spot areas, was also higher (approximately 2-fold) in melanomas compared with the other two tumors. These findings showing that distinct tumor types determine differential grade of inflammation, angiogenesis and host interaction in mice may provide new insights to tailor differential therapeutic approach based on the status of tumor biomarkers.
Subject(s)
Colonic Neoplasms/blood supply , Inflammation/etiology , Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply , Melanoma, Experimental/blood supply , Neovascularization, Pathologic/etiology , Animals , Biomarkers , Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism , Colonic Neoplasms/pathology , Cytokines/biosynthesis , Cytokines/genetics , Female , Hemoglobins/analysis , Inflammation/blood , Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/biosynthesis , Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics , Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating , Male , Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism , Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology , Melanoma, Experimental/metabolism , Melanoma, Experimental/pathology , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis , Neoplasm Proteins/genetics , Nitric Acid/metabolism , Skin/blood supply , Tumor Burden , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/analysis , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/bloodABSTRACT
Semen samples (n=105) were collected through eletroejaculation from six adult male coatis (Nasua nasua) between January 2007 and December 2008 at Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Zoo, Cuiabá, Brazil. Mean values were: volume (mL); concentration (sperm/mL); total motility (%); progressive sperm motility (scale, 0-5); live spermatozoa (%); acrossome integrity (%); primary defects (%); and secondary defects (%). There was high correlation between total motility and live sperm; total motility and progressive sperm motility; total motility and acrossome integrity; live sperm and progressive motility; live sperm and acrossome integrity and volume and concentration. The method for semen collection was considered safe and efficient. It can be used for the evaluation of breeding potential of coati in captivity and for the establishment of new assisted reproductive technology (ART) for threatened neotropical carnivores species.
Amostras de sêmen (n=105) foram coletadas por eletroejaculação em seis coatis (Nasua nasua) machos adultos entre Janeiro de 2007 a Dezembro de 2008 no Zoológico da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brasil. Os valores mensurados foram: volume (mL); concentração (espermatozoides/mL); motilidade (%); vigor (escala: 0-5); espermatozoides vivos (%); acrossomas íntegros (%); defeitos primários (%) e defeitos secundários (%). Houve alta correlação entre motilidade e espermatozoides vivos, motilidade e vigor; motilidade e integridade de acrossoma; espermatozoides vivos e vigor; espermatozoides vivos e integridade de acrossoma; e volume e concentração. O método de colheita de sêmen foi seguro e eficiente podendo ser indicado para avaliação do potencial reprodutivo de coatis mantidos em cativeiro e para o estabelecimento de tecnologias de reprodução assistida (TRA) para espécies de carnívoros neotropicais ameaçadas de extinção.
