Can a mother's polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)-related symptoms be used to predict the future clinical profile of PCOS in her adolescent daughter? A pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to establish whether a mother's polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) symptoms can predict her daughter's future PCOS clinical profile. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 57 adolescents who attended a paediatric gynaecology clinic between 2017 and 2019 and had an established diagnosis of PCOS according to the 2018 criteria of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. A clinical examination and pelvic ultrasound were performed and the level of total testosterone was measured. A structured questionnaire concerning PCOS symptoms was completed by the girls' mothers. RESULTS: It was found that 51% of girls with PCOS and 44% of their mothers had an elevated body mass index (BMI), and 35% of girls had an increased waist-hip ratio (>0.85). The mother's BMI significantly predicted her daughter's BMI and waist-hip ratio. It was reported that 40% of mothers had experienced menstrual irregularities, 50% hirsutism and 67% acne, and 12% had a confirmed diagnosis of PCOS. CONCLUSION: Our study population had several markers of poor metabolic health (increased BMI and waist-hip ratio) that were passed down from mother to daughter. No direct link was found between a mother's PCOS symptoms and those of her adolescent daughter. In order to establish definitive links between the symptoms of a mother and those of her daughter, a more comprehensive study should be conducted using a larger study sample. Additionally, a follow-up assessment of our studied adolescents would be appropriate to evaluate the progress of their symptoms.

Barriers and motivators for uptake of cervical cancer prevention strategies in Eastern Europe: the perspective from Latvia.

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of cervical cancer (CC) in eastern European countries is high; however, uptake of available prevention strategies is suboptimal. We explored knowledge, behaviors, and attitudes toward CC prevention strategies in Latvian women. METHODS: A mixed-methods study of Latvian women, consisting of surveys and semi-structured interviews, was conducted in Riga, Latvia in September and October 2015. RESULTS: Altogether, 158 surveys were completed and 10 interviews were conducted. In total, 87% (n = 135) had previously had a smear test, and 67% (n = 105) correctly identified that cervical cytology was performed to identify precancerous changes. The practice of annual gynecological checkups was prevalent, and many believed it to be synonymous with cervical screening. Detailed knowledge of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the HPV vaccine was deficient, although 73% (n = 115) and 70% (n = 90), respectively, claimed to have heard of them. Negative attitudes existed regarding the HPV vaccine due to fear of potential side effects. On learning that HPV was transmitted through sexual contact, the notion of testing positive for HPV was met with shame and embarrassment. CONCLUSIONS: A small proportion of Latvian women are over-screened, whereas many women remain unscreened. The main contributing factor for this was their poor understanding of the roles that cervical screening and HPV vaccination play in preventing CC.

Risk factors for unwanted pregnancy and subsequent abortion among women aged 16 to 25 years in Latvia.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk factors associated with unwanted pregnancy in 16- to 25-year-old women in Latvia. METHODS: Case-control study of 16- to 25-year-old, sexually active women who did not want to get pregnant: the cases were 144 women who underwent their first abortion whereas 278 nulliparous women served as controls. Data concerning them were obtained by using a semi-structured anonymous questionnaire that included questions about education, sexual life habits, contraceptive practice and a multiple-choice test to assess knowledge about contraception. RESULTS: Women who underwent an abortion had had more lifetime sexual partners, had more often not used any contraception, and were significantly less knowledgeable about the latter than controls. No strong correlation between knowledge and actual contraceptive practice was observed in the study groups. Logistic regression analysis showed that the most significant risk factors were non-use of contraception or use of less effective methods. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of unwanted pregnancy was associated with the woman's behaviour; her knowledge of contraception was much less relevant. Sexual health programmes should focus more on intrapersonal and interpersonal factors to promote use of effective contraception among young women.

Professionals' role in implementing a cervical cancer screening program.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the awareness, motivation, and readiness of medical staff to take part in a cervical cancer screening program (CSP), with the ultimate aim of increasing the response rate to invitation letters and improving CSP effectiveness and coverage. Certified gynecologists (GYNs) and general practitioners (GPs) practicing in the national and private healthcare systems in Latvia were given specially designed multiple-choice questionnaires. Of 213 questionnaires distributed to GYNs, 74% were completed (32% response rate of all 486 GYNs in Latvia). GPs were sent 933 questionnaires, 24% were returned (15% response rate of all 1,455 GPs in Latvia). GPs registered for 10 years or more knew significantly less about prevention and screening for cervical cancer compared to GYNs registered for the same amount of time (p = 0.05). This finding was not seen among the GYNs (p = 0.782). In the entire study group, the average score for correct answers was 5.97 (SD 2.602). Knowledge in the GP group was significantly lower (5.03, SD 2.243) than in the GYN group (7.22, SD 2.527, p < 0.001). Irrespective of specialization and place of work, knowledge was evaluated as poorer with an increase in age (RR = 0.950; p < 0.001). The knowledge, awareness, and perception of GYNs regarding cervical cancer prevention and screening in Latvia is sufficient but not good, and that of GPs is poor. Doctors would like to learn more about preventing cervical cancer.

Cervical cancer screening practices in central and eastern Europe in 2012.

The burden of cervical cancer in central and eastern Europe is generally higher compared to western or northern Europe due to a history of mostly opportunistic cervical cancer screening practices and due to the strong influence of political and economic changes in post-communist transition. This article describes the current cervical cancer screening practices, organizational plans for the future, and main obstacles that need to be overcome in 16 countries in central and eastern Europe: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia and The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Unfortunately, only a few countries have managed to establish an organized and well-functioning cervical cancer screening program in recent years, whereas most countries in the region are still struggling with implementation-related issues of organized cervical cancer screening. Encouragingly, even in the countries where only opportunistic screening is performed, well-prepared plans and strategies have been established for switching to organized screening in the near future.

Cervical cancer screening in Latvia: a brief history and recent improvements (2009-2011).

Screening for cervical cancer (CC) has been an important part of prevention strategies in Latvia since the early 1960s, reducing its incidence from 31.7/100,000 women in 1963 to 8.9/100,000 in 1989. Political and socioeconomic changes after 1991 greatly affected the entire healthcare system, including CC screening, which was temporarily suspended. In 2005, CC screening targeting all women 25 to 69 years old was officially reintroduced in Latvia, with revision in 2007. However, the nature of the screening program remained opportunistic. The inactivity of women, lack of availability of the required services, overloaded general practitioners, and lack of involvement of gynecologists and obstetricians resulted in low coverage of the target population (10% in 2005-2006). Organized screening was finally implemented in Latvia in 2009. Currently, the national Health Payment Center is responsible for inviting women for screening. Cytological smears, principally performed in a 3-year interval, are read by cytopathologists and cytotechnologists at 25 government-based and private laboratories. Cytological testing outside the program is still very frequent and performed on an ongoing basis in parallel with the organized screening. The results of the first round of screening (2009-2011) show encouraging trends, with a stepwise increase in positive responses to the invitation letter, an increase in coverage inside the program, and increasing detection of cervical high-grade lesions and carcinoma in situ. Unfortunately there is still no cytology quality control monitoring in place, and there are no clear recommendations for human papillomavirus (HPV) testing. Because HPV testing is not reimbursed, it is rarely performed.

Past, present and future of the cervical cancer screening in Latvia.

OBJECTIVE: The present descriptive study summarizes the historical activity on cervical cancer screening in Latvia, assesses the current screening situation, and defines the existing and expected obstacles and problems for the implementation of a proper organized population-based cervical cancer screening program in Latvia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Available data on cervical cancer burden were collected from Latvian cancer registry. Availability of trained medical staff and laboratory systems were obtained through the Latvian Association of Cytologists and the Health Compulsory Insurance State Agency of Latvia (HCISA). RESULTS: Cervical cancer incidence in Latvia is increasing since 1989 when the compulsory preventive gynecologic examinations were stopped. Cervical opportunistic screening program in Latvia should be performed by GPs. But only 30 out of 1470 GPs provide gynecological care for their patients while, out of 484 certified gynecology practitioners, 35 had direct contractual relationship with the HCISA while 398 had only an indirect contractual relationship with the Agency. Moreover, in Latvia, there are about 29 laboratory specialists employed with cytological testing with an average age of 57 years: 13 of them have already passed the retirement limit. CONCLUSIONS: Traditionally in Latvia, most women request gynecological services for preventive and health promotion reasons or in the case of having a gynecological disease. So the overloaded general practitioners and the lack of involvement of gynecologists are one of the main obstacles to solve for implementing an organized screening program in Latvia. Moreover insufficient availability of quality-assured services and resources for cytology testing and other services of the program, and for monitoring and evaluating the whole program, must be considered in the implementation of a comprehensive screening plan.t

Characteristics of women at low risk of STI presenting with pelvic inflammatory disease.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the background and reproductive history of women who are considered at low risk of sexually transmitted infection (STI) presenting with acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). METHODS: Case-control study, investigating 51 women admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of acute PID and 50 healthy women attending for routine gynecological checkup. RESULTS: Women with PID were older (p = 0.003) and more often unemployed (p = 0.008), and had a lower educational level (p = 0.000003). Healthy women reported more regular routine attendance to gynecologists (p = 0.0008) and were less often smokers (p = 0.0009). There was no difference between groups regarding age at first sexual intercourse, number of sex partners during life, duration of current sexual partnership, and frequency of sexual intercourse, total number of deliveries, spontaneous abortions, ectopic pregnancies and outcome of last pregnancy. The number of induced abortions was significantly higher in the PID group (p = 0.0004). There were no differences between the groups with regard to previous episodes of PID. Healthy controls more often reported a history of STI (p = 0.00007). IUD was the most commonly reported current contraceptive method in both groups, and there was no difference in contraceptive practices between groups. CONCLUSION: Women with PID differed from healthy controls only with regard to socio-demographic characteristics and not with regard to common risk factors for PID.

Practices and perceptions on intrauterine contraception among Latvian obstetrician-gynecologists.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the professional activity and perceptions of intrauterine contraception among Latvian obstetrician-gynecologists. METHODS: A questionnaire was completed by 122 Latvian obstetrician-gynecologists attending an annual meeting. Statistical analysis was done with the Epi-Info 2002 statistical package. RESULTS: Every day contraceptive consulting was done by 91.8% of physicians and 98.4% reported ever having inserted intrauterine contraception. The majority of doctors reported careful selection of intrauterine contraception candidates, including screening for sexually transmitted infections before insertion. Intrauterine contraception insertion was definitely excluded in women without a stable monogamous relationship only by 9.8%. A causal relationship between intrauterine contraception and pelvic inflammatory disease was believed by 52.5%. Many doctors sometimes prescribed prophylactic antibiotics before or immediately after intrauterine contraception insertion. However, antibiotics were never prescribed before intrauterine contraception insertion by 50.8%. Younger doctors had significantly more often themselves used combined oral contraceptives than had older doctors, whereas older doctors more often had been intrauterine contraception users. Of current and former intrauterine contraception users, 93.4% were satisfied with this contraceptive method. CONCLUSIONS: Latvian obstetrician-gynecologists have wide experience in contraception counseling of intrauterine contraception, but some gaps in the theoretical knowledge of doctors about intrauterine contraception were identified. We could not find any significant differences in attitudes to and personal experience with contraceptive methods between older and younger generations, nor were there any differences between genders of obstetrician-gynecologists.

"Older" age is a risk factor for pelvic inflammatory disease in intrauterine device users.

BACKGROUND: To asses the role of a copper intrauterine device (IUD) per se in the development of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and complicated PID in women considered at low risk of PID. METHODS: Cases were 51 women admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of acute PID, and controls were 50 healthy women attending an outpatient clinic for routine gynecological check-up. The women were 25-45 years old. Data were analyzed and compared between groups using the statistical program package sas. RESULTS: IUD use was not associated with an increased risk of PID in general, but in women > or =35 years, IUD use was associated with a risk of PID [odds ratio (OR) = 4.2, confidence interval (CI) 1.1-16.3]. When adjusting for smoking, educational level, employment, and microbial findings in women with PID, IUD use was associated with complicated PID in women > or =35 years (OR = 33.9, CI 1.2-959.6), but not in younger women. When adjusting age and IUD use duration for each other in IUD users, age > or =35 years was a significant risk factor for PID (OR = 4.9, CI 1.3-19.2), but not long (> or =5 years) duration. In IUD users with PID, age > or =35 years was a risk factor for a PID to be complicated in both the unadjusted and adjusted analysis (OR = 12.7, CI 1.6-102.3; OR = 12.1, CI 1.4-104.7), whereas long duration of IUD use was not. When adjusting for significant endocervical microbial findings, long duration of IUD use and age, only age > or =35 years, remained significantly associated with both PID and complicated PID (OR = 5, CI 1.1-21.9; OR = 36, CI - 1.9-670). CONCLUSIONS: IUD use was not associated with PID in low-risk younger women, but in women > or =35 years, IUD use was associated with an increased risk of PID. The study also demonstrates an association between IUD use and complicated PID in women > or =35 years.