Addressing the Relationship Between Testosterone Levels and Urethral Stricture: A Case-Control Study.

PURPOSE: Hypoandrogenism may have an association with urethral stricture. This study aimed to identify and quantify the association between testosterone levels and urethral stricture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A case-control study was conducted from January 2019 to January 2021. The case group included patients diagnosed with anterior urethral stricture who visited our urethral office of the urology department, while the control group included patients who visited our practice due to clinical conditions unrelated to voiding. In both groups, a 10 cc blood sample collection was scheduled between 7:30 and 9:30 a.m. The outcome was case/control status. The exposure variables were total testosterone, free testosterone, bioavailable testosterone, and hypoandrogenism (total testosterone < 300 ng/dL). The adjusted ORs were calculated for each exposure. Age, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and thyroxine levels were considered possible confounding factors. RESULTS: A total of 149 cases (mean age 59.5) were compared to 67 controls (64.3). Urethral stricture cases showed significantly lower mean total testosterone than controls (394 ng/dL vs 488 ng/dL). Similarly, the hypoandrogenism rate was significantly higher in the urethral stricture group (26% vs 7.5%). Each 100 unit increase in total testosterone was related to a 34% decrease in the odds of urethral stricture (adjusted OR 0.66, 95% CI: 0.51-0.86). Similarly, each increase of 1 unit of free testosterone and 10 units of bioavailable testosterone was associated with a decrease of 18% and 10%, respectively. A strong direct relationship was observed between hypoandrogenism and urethral stricture (adjusted OR 4.01, 95% CI: 1.37-11.7). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates an independent association between hypoandrogenism and anterior urethral stricture.

Anuria tras biopsia del injerto renal: intervención multidisciplinar / Anuria after renal graft biopsy: Multidisciplinary intervention

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[Cold ischemia and renal graft survival: A paired analysis comparing first and second grafts from the same donor]. / Isquemia fría y supervivencia del injerto. Diferencias entre el primer y segundo injerto de un mismo donante.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the characteristics, clinical course, and survival of pairs of renal grafts from the same donor, with special interest in cold ischemia times (CIT) as a risk factor for graft survival. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed paired grafts originating from the same cadaver donor from our prospectively recorded database of kidney transplants, from 1987 to 2015. We selected and divided them into two groups depending on whether they corresponded to the first or second graft. RESULTS: We studied a total of 860 paired kidneys. Mean CIT for the first and second groups were 15.12 and 19.16 hours, respectively. In the second group we observed higher incidences of acute tubular necrosis and initial delayed graft function (59.9% vs. 69.4% and 54.9% vs. 63.5%, respectively; p<0.001). No significant differences in either creatinine clearance rate or the rate of dialysis were observed between the two groups. No difference was found between the first and second groups in terms of graft survival (18.4 vs. 18.1 years, respectively; log-rank, p=0.667), and no differences were found by dividing the grafts into different categories according to their CIT (<14, 14-17, 17-20, >20 hours). For the set of grafts studied, CIT did not act as a risk factor for graft survival (hazard ratio [HR]=1.014; p=0.312). CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of ATN and DGF were greater in second transplants. However, there were no differences in long-term graft survival. Furthermore, we found no evidence that a CIT for less than 24 hours acted as a risk factor to graft survival.

Isquemia fría y supervivencia del injerto. Diferencias entre el primer y segundo injerto de un mismo donante / Cold ischemia and renal graft survival: A paired analysis comparing first and second grafts from the same donor

OBJETIVO: Comparar las características, evolución y supervivencia de las parejas renales procedentes de un mismo donante, con especial interés en el tiempo de isquemia fría (TIF) como factor de riesgo de supervivencia del injerto. MÉTODOS: A partir de nuestra base de datos de trasplantados renales, realizada de forma prospectiva desde 1987 hasta 2015, seleccionamos aquellos injertos emparejados procedentes de un mismo donante cadáver y los dividimos en dos grupos según correspondieran al primer o al segundo injerto. RESULTADOS: Estudiamos un total de 860 riñones emparejados. El TIF medio del primer y segundo grupo fue de 15,12 y 19,16 horas respectivamente. En el segundo grupo se observó una mayor incidencia de necrosis tubular aguda (NTA) y función inicial retrasada del injerto (FRI) (59,9% vs 69,4%; y 54,9% vs 63,5%, respectivamente p < 0,001). No se observaron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos en las cifras de aclaramiento de creatinina o en la tasa de paso a diálisis. En términos de supervivencia del injerto, no se encontraron diferencias entre el primer y el segundo grupo (18,4 vs 18,1 años respectivamente, Log-rank p = 0,667). Adicionalmente se estudio la isquemia fría del conjunto de injertos, sin apreciar diferencias según su TIF (<14, 14-17, 17-20, >20 horas), el cual no se comportó como un factor de riesgo de supervivencia del injerto (HR=1.014 (p = 0,312)). CONCLUSIONES: La proporción de NTA y FRI es mayor en los segundos trasplantados. Sin embargo, no existen diferencias en términos de supervivencia del injerto a largo plazo. No encontramos evidencia de que un TIF por debajo de 24h se comporte como un factor de riesgo de supervivencia del injerto

OBJECTIVE: To compare the characteristics, clinical course, and survival of pairs of renal grafts from the same donor, with special interest in cold ischemia times (CIT) as a risk factor for graft survival. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed paired grafts originating from the same cadaver donor from our prospectively recorded database of kidney transplants, from 1987 to 2015. We selected and divided them into two groups depending on whether they corresponded to the first or second graft. RESULTS: We studied a total of 860 paired kidneys. Mean CIT for the first and second groups were 15.12 and 19.16 hours, respectively. In the second group we observed higher incidences of acute tubular necrosis and initial delayed graft function (59.9% vs. 69.4% and 54.9% vs. 63.5%, respectively; p20 hours). For the set of grafts studied, CIT did not act as a risk factor for graft survival (hazard ratio [HR]=1.014; p = 0.312). CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of ATN and DGF were greater in second transplants. However, there were no differences in long-term graft survival. Furthermore, we found no evidence that a CIT for less than 24 hours acted as a risk factor to graft survival

Nephron-sparing surgery for adenocarcinoma in a renal allograft.

The incidence of malignant tumors in recipients of renal allografts is higher than in the general population. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 4.6% of the tumors in transplanted patients; of them, only 10% are found in transplanted kidneys. Transplantectomy has always been the usual treatment. However, during the last years, nephron-sparing surgery of the allograft is more frequently done in well-selected cases, and therefore dialysis can be avoided. We report the case of a 37-year-old female patient with renal transplant, diagnosed with a 4.5 cm tumor in the lower pole of the renal allograft. The patient underwent partial nephrectomy successfully. Six years after surgery, there is no evidence of recurrence of the disease and the patient maintains an adequate renal function.

[Metachronous adrenal metastasis in two patients undergoing radical nephrectomy for primary renal cell carcinoma]. / Metástasis suprarrenal metacrónica en 2 pacientes sometidos a nefrectomía radical por carcinoma de células renales primario.

OBJECTIVES: We report two exceptional cases of metachronous adrenal metastasis of renal cell carcinomas and perform a bibliographic review. After the evaluation of various features such as frequency, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and follow-up of these patients we conclude that these metastases are rare, and they usually appear late in the evolution of patients with low stage renal cell carcinoma. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Once reviewed the treatment and checked the absence of guidelines for the therapeutic management of these patients we propose surgery for the adrenal metastasis as well as adjuvant treatment with immunotherapy.

Metástasis suprarrenal metacrónica en 2 pacientes sometidos a nefrectomía radical por carcinoma de células renales primario / No disponible

OBJETIVOS/MÉTODOS: Presentamos dos casos excepcionales de metástasis suprarrenales metacrónicas de carcinoma de células renales y revisamos la literatura existente. Valorados distintos aspectos como la frecuencia, etiopatogenia, diagnóstico y seguimiento de estos pacientes concluimos que estas metástasis son poco frecuentes y suelen presentarse tardías en su evolución en pacientes con CCR con bajo estadios anatomopatológicos. RESULTADOS/CONCLUSIONES: Revisado el trata- miento y constatando que no hay directrices en cuanto al manejo terapéutico de estos pacientes con metástasis proponemos la cirugía de la metástasis suprarrenal así como el tratamiento adyuvante con inmunoterapia (AU)

OBJECTIVES: We report two exceptional cases of metachronous adrenal metastasis of renal cell carcinomas and perform a bibliographic review. After the evaluation of various features such as frequency, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and follow-up of these patients we conclude that these metastases are rare, and they usually appear late in the evolution of patients with low stage renal cell carcinoma. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Once reviewed the treatment and checked the absence of guidelines for the therapeutic management of these patients we propose surgery for the adrenal metastasis as well as adjuvant treatment with immunotherapy (AU)

Cistitis intersticial: actualización de su patogenia, diagnóstico y tratamiento / Interstitial cystitis: update in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment

OBJETIVOS: La cistitis intersticial es una entidad nosológica de la que hasta hace pocos años desconocíamos muchos de sus aspectos etiopatogénicos, diagnósticos y terapéuticos, por lo que nos planteamos el objetivo de realizar una revisión de los nuevos conocimientos adquiridos en esta enfermedad durante la última década, ofertando al lector una puesta al día de la misma. MÉTODO: Se realiza una búsqueda de la literatura nacional e internacional relacionada con la cistitis intersticial, con especial interés en los autores con gran casuística y experiencia. RESULTADOS: En su etiopatogenia destacar que, de entre las múltiples teorías propuestas en el pasado, toma fuerza la hipótesis de la alteración de la permeabilidad del urotelio vesical o alteración de la barrera hematourinaria, con la agresión de sustancias tóxicas presentes en la orina como el potasio en alta concentración. En la epidemiología referir que para algunos autores esta enfermedad está presente en la población en mayor frecuencia de lo que se diagnostica, pudiéndose encontrar en muchas de las mujeres diagnosticadas de cistitis recidivantes. Respecto al diagnóstico se propone un nuevo test para ayudar al diagnóstico clínico de la entidad: el test del Potasio, consistente en la reproducción de la sintomatología tras la instilación endovesical de este ión a alta concentración. Por último, en su tratamiento médico se demuestra la eficacia de las asociaciones farmacológicas sobre la monoterapia, encaminándose estos a la corrección de las alteraciones fisiopatológicas ocasionadas por la enfermedad (heparinoides, antihistamínicos, y antidepresivos). El apoyo psicológico y la información continua al paciente de su proceso siguen siendo un pilar básico de esta terapia multimodal. Aparecen nuevas opciones como la neuromodulación, cuyos resultados no son aún concluyentes, por lo que será preciso continuar con su estudio. CONCLUSIONES: Los nuevos conocimientos sobre la cistitis intersticial nos ayudan a comprender y entender mejor la cadena de sucesos que ocurren en ella. El diagnóstico clínico precoz, ahora reforzado con un test del potasio positivo, es fundamental para iniciar un tratamiento médico (combinación farmacológica) encaminado a detener el proceso patogénico, siendo su eficacia superior en las fases precoces de la enfermedad. Para ello el Urólogo debe tener en mente esta enfermedad (AU)

[Interstitial cystitis: update on pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment]. / Cistitis intersticial: actualización de su patogenia, diagnóstico y tratamiento.

OBJECTIVES: Interstitial cystitis is a nosological entity of which many etiological, diagnostic and therapeutic features were unknown until recently, so that we had the objective to review new knowledge acquired during the last decade to offer an update in the disease. METHODS: A bibliographic review on interstitial cystitis is performed with special interest in national and international authors who have experience and large case series. RESULTS: Among the multiple etiopathogenical theories proposed in the past, the hypothesis to be highlighted, that is gaining strength, is the altered bladder urothelium permeability or hemato-urinary barrier alteration, with the aggression of toxic substances contained in urine in high concentrations like potassium. Epidemiologically, some authors think the disease is present in the population in a higher frequency than it is diagnosed, and it may be found in many women with the misdiagnosis of recurrent urinary tract infections. Regarding diagnosis, a new test is proposed to help clinical diagnosis: the potassium test, which consists in the endovesical instillation of this ion at high concentrations reproducing the symptoms. Finally, in the medical treatment it is demonstrated the efficacy of drug associations over monotheraphy (heparinoids, antihistaminic and antidepressant drugs), looking for the correction of the physiopathological abnormalities caused by the disease. Psicologic support and continuous information to the patient about the disease continue to be one of the mainstays of this multimodal therapy. New options like neural stimulation have appeared, although its results are not conclusive so that further studies must be done. CONCLUSIONS: New knowledge about interstitial cystitis allow us to better understand the chain of events happening in it. An early clinical diagnosis, now reinforced with a positive potassium test, is key to start medical treatment (drug combination) targeted to stop the pathogenic process, because it is more effective in the early phases of the disease. For that purpose, the Urologist must have this disease in mind.