[Visceral adiposity index (VAI) and dysfunctional adiposity index (DAI). Relationship with obesity parameters]. / Relación de los índices de adiposidad visceral (VAI) y disfuncional (DAI) con parámetros de obesidad.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity is a global pandemic with a growing impact on morbidity and mortality. We assessed the associative strength of the Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) and Dysfunctional Adiposity Index (DAI) in obesity and associated risk using different methods. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study in 418 343 workers from different autonomous communities in Spain, estimating prevalence of obesity with: waist circumference, waist/height index, BMI, CUN-BAE, ECORE-BF, RFM, PALAFOLLS, IMG, METS-VF calculated according to their specific formulas. Descriptive analysis of categorical variables and associative strength of VAI and DAI for obesity was performed with ROC curves considering high risk when the AUC value.0.8 and moderate with AUC.0.7 and.0.8. SPSS 27.0 was used, considering statistical significance p.0.05. RESULTS: The prevalence of obesity varied according to the method used, being high with Palafolls (72.92% in women and 86.98% in men) and low with METS-VF (1.31% in women and 8.54% in men). The mean values of VAI and DAI are always higher in men. The AUC of the ROC curve for VAI was high with METS-VF: in women 0.836 (95%CI 0.829-0.843), in men 0.848 (95%CI 0.845-0.850) and with waist circumference in men: 0.819 (95%CI 0.816-0.822). DAI was high for METS-FV in women: 0.809 (95%CI 0.801-0.817). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of obesity and related risk differs according to the assessment method used. VAI shows high strength of association with obesity and fat mass for METS-VF in both sexes and with waist circumference in men; DAI for METS-VF in women.

Prevalencia de diabesidad en población laboral española: influencia de variables sociodemográficas y consumo de tabaco / Prevalence of diabesity in the Spanish working population: influence of sociodemographic variables and tobacco consumption

Fundamento. La obesidad predispone a sufrir diabetes tipo 2 con tanta frecuencia que su combinación se denomina diabesidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de diabesidad en la población trabajadora y analizar las variables con las que se asocia. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal realizado entre enero de 2019 y junio de 2020 en 418.343 trabajadores de 18 a 67 años, de diferentes profesiones y áreas geográficas españolas. Se determinó la prevalencia de diabesidad con seis fórmulas diferentes para obesidad: IMC (índice de masa corporal), CUN BAE (Clínica Universidad de Navarra Body Adiposity Estimator), ECORE-BF (Equation Córdoba for Estimation of Body Fat), Fórmula Palafolls, IMG (índice de masa grasa) de Deuremberg y RFM (Relative Fat Mass). Se analizó la asociación entre diabesidad y edad, sexo, clase social y tabaco. Resultados. La prevalencia global de diabesidad osciló entre 2,6 % por el IMC y 5,8% por la fórmula Palafolls. La variable más relacionada con la diabesidad fue la edad mayor de 50 años (OR = 5,9; IC95%: 5,7-6,2 para IMC, y OR = 8,1; IC95%: 7,9-8,4 para IMG de Deuremberg). El sexo masculino y la clase social III se relacionaron con la diabesidad estimada con todas las escalas, ser fumador solo con la fórmula Palafolls. Conclusiones. La prevalencia de diabesidad varía en función de la fórmula empleada, con una prevalencia menor entre las mujeres y un aumento con la edad independientemente de la fórmula utilizada. Su prevalencia es mayor en las clases sociales más bajas.(AU)

Background. Obesity predisposes to type 2 diabetes so often that the combination is called diabesity. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of diabesity in the working population and to analyze the variables associated with it. Method. Cross-sectional study between January 2019 and June 2020 by 418,343 workers from 18 to 67 year-old, from different professions and Spanish geographic areas. The prevalence of diabesity was determined with six different formulae for obesity: BMI (body mass index), CUN BAE (Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Body Adiposity Estimator), ECORE-BF (Equation Córdoba for Estimation of Body Fat), Formula Palafolls, FMI (fat mass index) of Deuremberg and RFM (relative fat mass). The association between diabetes and age, sex, social class and tobacco was analyzed. Results. The global prevalence of diabetes ranged from 2.6% for BMI to 5.8% for the Palafolls formula. The variable most related to diabesity was age over 50 years (OR=5.9; 95%CI: 5.7-6.2 for BMI, and OR = 8.1; 95%CI: 7.9-8.4 for FMI of Deuremberg). Male sex and social class III related with diabesity estimated by all formulas, while being a smoker was only related with the Palafolls formula. Conclusion. Diabesity prevalence varies depending on the formula used, with much lower prevalence among women and increased with age independent of the formula used. Its prevalence is higher in the lower social classes.(AU)

[Prevalence of diabesity in the Spanish working population: influence of sociodemographic variables and tobacco consumption].

BACKGROUND: Obesity predisposes to type 2 diabetes so often that the combination is called diabesity. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of diabesity in the working population and to analyze the variables associated with it. METHOD: Cross-sectional study between January 2019 and June 2020 by 418,343 workers from 18 to 67 year-old, from different professions and Spanish geographic areas. The prevalence of diabesity was determined with six different for-mulae for obesity: BMI (body mass index), CUN BAE (Clínica Universidad de Navarra Body Adiposity Estimator), ECORE-BF (Equation Córdoba for Estimation of Body Fat), Formula Palafolls, FMI (fat mass index) of Deuremberg and RFM (relative fat mass). The association between diabetes and age, sex, social class and tobacco was analyzed. RESULTS: The global prevalence of diabetes ranged from 2.6% for BMI to 5.8% for the Palafolls formula. The variable most related to diabesity was age over 50 years (OR?=?5.9; 95%CI: 5.7-6.2 for BMI, and OR?=?8.1; 95%CI: 7.9-8.4 for FMI of Deuremberg). Male sex and social class III related with diabesity estimated by all formulas, while being a smoker was only related with the Palafolls formula. CONCLUSION: Diabesity prevalence varies depending on the formula used, with much lower prevalence among women and increased with age independent of the formula used. Its prevalence is higher in the lower social classes.

Criterios de vulnerabilidad frente a infección Covid-19 en trabajadores / Vulnerability criteria for Covid-19 infection in workers

La enfermedad COVID-19 que surgió en Wuhan, China, y se extendió por todo el mundo, es una infección viral de elevada transmisibilidad causada por el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Existe un interés creciente en el campo de la salud pública en identificar factores pronósticos, tanto clínicos como paraclínicos, que permitan estratificar el riesgo de los pacientes y, dentro de estos factores, es necesario contemplar variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y laborales. En ámbito laboral interesa destacar la vulnerabilidad del trabajador frente a la infección, esto es, la probabilidad de ser afectado por el virus con riesgo superior al normal y con consecuencias más graves, ya sea como resultado de la susceptibilidad mayor a los efectos del virus, o por un nivel de exposición superior a la media. La Organización Mundial de la Salud nos anima a pensar de manera innovadora y la promoción de la salud y prevención de riesgos puede liderar esta actividad dentro del ámbito de salud pública, obteniendo información precisa y oportuna para prepararse y reducir el riesgo en las personas afectadas, sus familias y su comunidad. Dada la complejidad de este tema y los distintos aspectos que se han de tener en cuenta para calificar a un trabajador como vulnerable frente a esta infección pandémica, se considera de utilidad incluir en la valoración: aspectos personales de la persona que trabaja, enfermedades previas y su grado de control, aspectos laborales y las opciones de gestión preventiva de las empresas. El resultado de esta combinación de factores nos permitirá cuantificar la vulnerabilidad individual y orientar las actuaciones preventivas posteriores en el mundo del trabajo

COVID-19 disease, which emerged in Wuhan, China and spread worldwide, is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. There is a growing interest in the field of public health in identifying prognostic factors, both clinical and paraclinical, that allow the risk of patients to be stratified and, within these factors, it is necessary to consider sociodemographic, clinical and occupational variables. In the work environment, it is important to highlight the worker's vulnerability to infection, that is, the probability of being affected by the virus with a higher than normal risk and with more serious consequences, either as a result of greater susceptibility to the effects of the virus, or because of a higher than average level of exposure. The World Health Organization encourages us to think innovatively, and health promotion and risk prevention can lead this activity within the public health field, obtaining accurate and timely information to prepare and reduce risk in affected individuals, their families and their community. Given the complexity of this issue and the different aspects that have to be taken into account to qualify a worker as vulnerable to this pandemic infection, it is considered useful to include in the assessment: personal aspects of the person working, previous illnesses and their degree of control, labour aspects and the preventive management options of the companies. The result of this combination of factors will allow us to quantify individual vulnerability and guide subsequent preventive actions in the world of work

[Migraine medical control and related variables. Results of the European Work and Migraine survey]. / Control médico en migraña y variables relacionadas. Resultados de la encuesta europea Trabajo y Migraña.

OBJECTIVE: This purpose of this work is to determine the care preferences and the required use of medical care by migraine patients in the different countries of Europe, and the observed differences depending on their social and demographic conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional observational study by anonymous web survey of 3,342 patients from Spain, Italy, France, Portugal, Ireland, United Kingdom, Germany, and a mixed group of countries not included in the initial design. VARIABLES: age, gender, country, type of location, level of studies and rural or urban area. The demand for care is collected by neurologist, primary care doctors/family/general practitioners, by occupational health doctors, nurses, by other doctors/other specialists, non-medical control/self-control. RESULTS: The patients more seen by a neurologist were about 21-60years old and with a high cultural level. Primary care/family doctor care is higher in urban areas. Occupational medicine, nursing, and other specialties predominate in large cities. Self-control is greater in patients aged 21-40years and in women. Spain and Germany are the countries with the greatest demand for care in Neurology and Primary Care. CONCLUSIONS: The medical demand for migraine care in Europe shows irregular results according to countries, with it being a priority in neurology and with less participation of Primary Care physicians, work doctors, nurses, or other specialties. Differences are observed by age, gender, and cultural level both in the demand for care and in the choice of specialist. It is important to take into account the percentage of patients who have no medical control.

COVID-19 y salud laboral. Reflexiones de un médico del trabajo / COVID-19 and occupational health. Opinions of an Occuppational Medicine Specialist

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Low back pain in workers. Occupational risk and related variables / Dolor lumbar en trabajadores. Riesgos laborales y variables relacionadas

ABSTRACT Introduction: Low back pain is a prevalent condition with health, social and occupational impact. The aim of this study is to assess the influence of social and occupational factors on worker patients with low back pain. Method: A descriptive study was conducted on 349 subjects with low back pain. The main independent variable was being a manual or non-manual worker. Other social-occupational and lifestyle variables were also considered. The level of disability was established according to the Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire, and the association between the type of job and the test was evaluated using multiple linear regressions. Results: Manual workers are heavier smokers (47%), experience more pain (74.3%), have a lower economic status (89.3%), use more drugs (57.7%), have limitations in walking (17.5%) and standing (25.6%), used carrying protocols (85.5%), make repetitive movements (77.4%). They made trunk (52.6%) and upper limb movements (24.8%), and received less prevention training (51.7%), but used low back protection (19.6%). The non-manual workers had greater limitation in handling loads (37.4%) and sitting (43.5%), and computer screen user protocols were applied (94.8%), and had a lower social class classification (57.1 low-middle class). Performing manual tasks at work is significantly associated with an increase of 2 points in the Oswestry test compared to non-manual workers, when adjusted for age and gender (coefficient β: 2, 95% CI: 0.6-3.36). Conclusion: Low back pain is a prevalent condition, with an unfavorable prognosis that has an individual, social, and occupational impact. Performing manual tasks is associated with an increase in the disability scale, regardless of age and gender.

RESUMEN Introducción: El dolor lumbar es una dolencia prevalente con repercusión sanitaria, social y laboral. Es objetivo de este trabajo valorar la influencia de las variables sociolaborales en pacientes con lumbalgia que trabajan. Método: Estudio descriptivo en 349 sujetos con lumbalgia. Es variable independiente principal ser trabajador manual y no manual; también son recogidas otras variables sociolaborales y de estilo de vida. La incapacidad se obtuvo mediante la escala del cuestionario de Oswestry y la asociación entre el tipo de tarea y el test se evaluó con regresión lineal múltiple. Resultados: Los trabajadores manuales consumen más tabaco (47%), tienen más dolor (74,3%), peor situación económica (89,3%), consumen más fármacos (57,7%), tienen limitación en deambulación (17,5%) y bipedestación (25,6%), se les aplican protocolos de cargas (85,5%) y movimientos repetidos (77,4%), realizan movimientos de tronco (52,6%) y miembros superiores (24,8%) y reciben menor formación preventiva (51,7%), pero utilizan protección lumbar (19,6%). Los trabajadores no manuales tienen mayor limitación en cargas (37,4%) y sedestación (43,5%) se les aplican protocolos de usuarios de pantallas (94,8%) y tienen peor tipificación en clase social (57,1 clase media-baja). Realizar tareas manuales en el trabajo se asocia significativamente con un aumento de 2 puntos en el test de Oswestry respecto a los no manuales, ajustado por edad y género (coeficiente β: 2, IC 95%: 0,65-3,36). Conclusión: La lumbalgia es una dolencia prevalente, de curso desfavorable, que implica impacto individual, social y laboral. Realizar tareas manuales se asocia con un aumento en la escala de incapacidad, independientemente de la edad y el género.

Diabetes mellitus y trabajo. Valoración y revisión de cuestionarios / Diabetes mellitus and work. Assessment and questionnaires revision

La diabetes mellitus presenta elevada prevalencia, complicaciones severas, repercusión clínica, costes e implicaciones laborales. Su valoración requiere el uso de la historia clínica y cuestionarios de apoyo. Se revisa en Medline la bibliografía sobre diabetes y la experiencia de los autores en valoración clínico-laboral, con resultados que muestran cuantiosas publicaciones en aspectos clínicos y terapéuticos relacionados con diabetes o con aspectos sociales y de salud pública, pero reducida en aspectos laborales. El uso de cuestionarios para valoración de la enfermedad es generalizado y cada autor debe seleccionar el que mejor se adapte a sus objetivos o experiencia. Se concluye que, para la valoración clínica y laboral en diabetes se recomienda la colaboración interespecialidades, partiendo de una historia clínica completa que incluya los riesgos del trabajo. Son de ayuda los cuestionarios, adaptados a objetivo, recomendándose los validados en español como Encuesta sobre el miedo a la hipoglucemia (EsHFS) y Calidad de vida relacionada con la diabetes (EsDQOL)

Diabetes mellitus presents high prevalence, severe complications, clinical repercussions, costs and occupational implications. Their assessment requires the use of the medical history and support questionnaires. A literature review was conducted on the topic of clinical and occupational evaluation aspects of diabetes; the database searched was Medline. The search showed numerous papers about diabetes clinical and therapeutic aspects as well as social or public health aspects but the results lacked occupational aspects. To assess the disease, the use of questionnaires is generalized and each author selects those which fit best to their purpose. It is concluded that to carry out a clinical and occupational evaluation related to diabetes, an inter-specialities cooperation, based on a complete medical history including occupational risk factors, is recommended. The questionnaires are useful, adapted to the objective, recommending those valued in Spanish as in Fear of hypoglycemia questionnaire (EsHFS) and Diabetes-related quality of life questionnaire (EsDQOL)

Dolor Lumbar en pacientes de consulta traumatológica. Variables socio-sanitarias relacionadas / Low back pain in trauma patients. Related social and health variables

INTRODUCCIÓN: El dolor lumbar es patología prevalente influida por factores ambientales y personales: edad, sexo, nivel educativo, estrés, apoyo social y riesgos laborales, entre otros. Es objetivo de este trabajo es valorar la repercusión de variables sociodemográficas en trabajadores con lumbalgia así como su impacto en discapacidad. Material y MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo en 351 pacientes diagnosticados de dolor lumbar. Se valora la influencia de: edad, sexo, hábitos de vida y limitaciones con el test Oswestry. RESULTADOS: Las personas que participan son mayoritariamente hombres (44.9), de edad media 41± 1, y un nivel de estudios elemental (47.4). Los hábitos de vida más saludables se dan entre la población joven (81.4%) y en las mujeres (82.6%), el consumo de tabaco aumenta con la edad (en >50 años el 55% es fumador) y las mujeres toman menos alcohol (40.1% no consume), pero practican menos ejercicio físico (diario el 6.6%). En jóvenes es más efectiva la fisioterapia (57.7%), mientras que los mayores combinan fármacos y fisioterapia (45%). La repercusión de lumbalgia en incapacidad aumenta con la edad, especialmente en mujeres y mantiene una relación positiva con el grado de discapacidad del Oswestry (p < 0.005). Limita la bipedestación y dificulta dormir variando los resultados con la edad. En las mujeres destacan las limitaciones para actividades cotidianas, deambulación y actividades sociales (p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONES: Las variables sociodemográficas y culturales influyen en el dolor lumbar, especialmente edad, sexo y hábitos de vida. El test de Oswestry utilizado correlaciona las limitaciones por lumbalgia con la repercusión en incapacidad laboral

INTRODUCTION: Low back pain is a prevalent pathology influenced by environmental and personal factors: age, gender, educational level, stress, social support and occupational risks, among others. The aim of this work is to assess the impact of socio-demographic variables of workers with low back pain and its disability impact. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Descriptive study of 351 low-back pain patients. The influence of gender, sex, life habits and limitations with the Oswestry questionnaire is assessed. RESULTS: The participants, mainly men and an average age of 41 ± 1 years have an primary education. Youth population (81.4%) and women (82.6%) have the healthiest habits, tobacco consumption increases with age (> 50 years, 55%) and women drink less alcohol (40.1% don't consume) but practice less physical exercise (daily 6.6%). Physiotherapy is more effective for youth people (57.7%), while elderly people combine drugs and physiotherapy (45%). The impact of low back pain on disability increases with age, especially in women, keeping a positive relationship with the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire index (p <0.005). It limits the ability to stand and makes sleeping difficult, varying the results along age. In women, the limitations for daily activities, walking and social activities stand out (p <0,005). CONCLUSIONS: Socio-demographic and cultural variables, specially age, gender and lifestyle habits, have an influence on low-back pain. The Oswestry Questionnaire used correlates the limitations for low back pain with the repercussion in work disability

Valoración de limitaciones en reumatología. Herramientas más utilizadas en la práctica / Assessment of limitations in rheumatology. Tools most used in practice

Resumen Introducción: Las enfermedades reumáticas son patologías de alta prevalencia, impacto y repercusión, caracterizadas por dolor y limitación funcional. Para valorar la limitación, la historia clínica es el punto de partida, junto con las pruebas específicas necesarias, según el tipo de padecimiento. De forma complementaria, se recomienda el uso de herramientas clinimétricas. Objetivo: Comparar algunas herramientas o cuestionarios usados en las enfermedades reumáticas más prevalentes, revisando la bibliografía para destacar sus aportes y su utilidad en la labor del médico con finalidad clínica o pericial. Método: Se revisan las características básicas de los cuestionarios y herramientas más usadas en: osteoartritis, artritis reumatoide y artritis psoriásica, espondilitis anquilosante y lupus eritematoso sistémico. Se revisa en Medline la experiencia de los autores con algunos cuestionarios en función de la patología y de sus diversos usos. Resultados: Los cuestionarios se utilizan en su mayoría para la valoración de la calidad de vida, la discapacidad y la evolución clínico-terapéutica de los pacientes. No hay acuerdo entre los autores sobre si existe prioridad en el uso de algún cuestionario concreto por patología y se tiende a combinar varios. Los cuestionarios genéricos más utilizados son SF-36, NHP y EQ-5D. Por enfermedades: en artritis reumatoide, HAQy DAS28; en osteoartritis, WOMAC y Knoos; en Lupus, SLEDAI y BICLA, y en espondilitis, BASDAI y ASDAS. Conclusiones: En reumatología los cuestionarios son de uso habitual y resultan de utilidad de forma complementaria a la historia clínica y a las pruebas específicas. La elección por el profesional médico se basa en su experiencia y en la adecuación al objetivo buscado.

Abstract Introduction: Rheumatic diseases are high prevalence, high impact and repercussion pathologies characterised by pain and functional limitation. To assess the limitation, the starting point is the clinical history, together with the specific tests required according to the type of condition. The use of complimentary clinometric tools is recommended. Objective: To compare some tools or questionnaires used in the most prevalent rheumatic diseases, and a review of the literature to highlight their contributions and usefulness in medical practice by the clinician or expert. Method: A review is made of the basic characteristics of the questionnaires and the most used tools in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and systemic lupus erythematosus. The experience of the authors is reviewed in Medline, with some questionnaires depending on the pathology and its various uses. Results: The questionnaires are used mainly to assess the quality of life, disability, and clinical-therapeutic evolution of patients. There is no agreement among the authors on whether there is a priority in the use of a specific questionnaire by pathology, and there is a tendency to combine several. The most commonly used generic questionnaires are SF-36, NHP and EQ-5D. For diseases: in rheumatoid arthritis, the HAQ and DAS28; in osteoarthritis, WOMAC and Knoos; in lupus, SLEDAI and BICLA; and in spondylitis, BASDAI and ASDAS. Conclusions: In rheumatology, questionnaires are commonly used, and are useful as a complement to the clinical history and specific tests. The choice by the medical professional is based on their experience and on the adaptation to the objective sought.

La formación y conocimiento en Medicina del Trabajo como piedra angular en el desarrollo de esta especialidad / No disponible

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Diabetes mellitus and work. Assessment and questionnaires revision. / Diabetes mellitus y trabajo. Valoración y revisión de cuestionarios.

Diabetes mellitus presents high prevalence, severe complications, clinical repercussions, costs and occupational implications. Their assessment requires the use of the medical history and support questionnaires. A literature review was conducted on the topic of clinical and occupational evaluation aspects of diabetes; the database searched was Medline. The search showed numerous papers about diabetes clinical and therapeutic aspects as well as social or public health aspects but the results lacked occupational aspects. To assess the disease, the use of questionnaires is generalized and each author selects those which fit best to their purpose. It is concluded that to carry out a clinical and occupational evaluation related to diabetes, an inter-specialities cooperation, based on a complete medical history including occupational risk factors, is recommended. The questionnaires are useful, adapted to the objective, recommending those valued in Spanish as in Fear of hypoglycemia questionnaire (EsHFS) and Diabetes-related quality of life questionnaire (EsDQOL).

Consumo de alcohol cuantificado versus percibido en trabajadores españoles / Quantified alcohol consumption versus perception in spanish work population

Introducción: el consumo de alcohol preocupa en Salud Pública por sus efectos y repercusiones familiares, personales, sociales y laborales entre consumidores habituales o de riesgo. Objetivos: establecer la prevalencia de consumo de alcohol en trabajadores del sector servicios de la administración pública, perfil de consumo y concordancia entre el consumo cuantificado y el percibido, así como la influencia de variables sociodemográficas y laborales. Material y Método: estudio transversal en 1.180 trabajadores del sector servicios de la administración pública en el área mediterránea de España desde enero a diciembre de 2011, analizando variables sociodemográficas, laborales y cuantificando el consumo de alcohol en UBE y la percepción mediantes AUDIT. Resultados: el 81,78% ha consumido alcohol en el último mes, mayoritariamente hombres y en niveles de consumo moderado-severo. Son variables que influyen: nivel cultural, clase social y tipo de trabajo desempeñado. Existen discrepancias entre la percepción del consumo con el AUDIT y el consumo registrado con UBE. Conclusiones: la percepción de consumo de riesgo es baja frente al riesgo cuantificado en UBE por lo que se plantea la utilidad de campañas de Promoción de la Salud en las empresas orientadas hacia un adecuado conocimiento del riesgo del consumo de alcohol

Introduction: alcohol consumption is a global concern in Public Health for its effects and impact on family, personal and working lives of ordinary consumers or in excess. Objectives: to assess the prevalence of alcohol consumption in public service sector workers, to assess a consumption profile and the concordance between quantified and perceived consumption, as well as the influence of sociodemographic and labor variables. Material and Method: cross-sectional study of 1.180 public administration services sector workers in Spanish Mediterranean area from January to December 2011. Sociodemographic and labor variables and quantifying alcohol consumption UBE and AUDIT perception are analysed. Results: 81.78% had consumed alcohol in the last month, mainly men and in levels of moderate-severe consumption. Alcohol consumption is related to: cultural level, social class and type of work performed. There are discrepancies between the perception of alcohol consumption measured by the AUDIT, and consumption recorded calculated by the UBE. Conclusions: the perception of risk consumption is low compared to the quantified risk. Training campaigns and Health Promotion are recommenced in companies oriented toward an adequate knowledge of alcohol consumption risk

[Blood pressure and sleep apnoea hypopnoea syndrome in workers. STOP-Bang test versus Epworth test]. / Presión arterial y síndrome de apnea-hipopnea del sueño en trabajadores. Test STOP-Bang frente a la escala de Epworth.

INTRODUCTION: OSAHS is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke. Arterial hypertension is a key risk factor to consider due to its impact on health. METHOD: Cross-sectional study carried out on Spanish public service workers. The nocturnal apnoea risk using the Epworth and STOP-Bang questionnaires and their influence on the mean values of blood pressure are assessed. RESULTS: The detection of OSAHS using the Epworth test and, particularly with the STOP-Bang shows a significant relationship with the mean values of blood pressure, with differences between both questionnaires. CONCLUSION: The Epworth and STOP-Bang questionnaires are useful for the initial detection of OSAHS and a higher prevalence of high blood pressure. Both can be used in screening procedures in occupational health.

Diseño de una herramienta para la valoración y clasificación de la limitación en fibromyalgia / Design of a tool for the assessment and classification of fibromialgia limitation

Resumen Introducción: El síndrome fibromiálgico se caracteriza por dolor crónico asociado a sintomatología somática no específica y con las limitaciones asociadas a su impacto personal, social, laboral y económico. Su valoración se realiza de forma independiente, analizando sus aspectos clínicos, de severidad, los tratamientos y su efectividad, la repercusión en las actividades de la vida diaria y la repercusión o afectación laboral. La herramienta FM-Check es una escala subjetiva que puede ser de ayuda para valorar de forma conjunta todos estos aspectos y servir de apoyo al profesional en el seguimiento del paciente y facilitar la colaboración conjunta interprofesional. Método: Para elaborar la FM-Check se parte de la historia clínica en la que se definen las variables que se van a utilizar agrupándolas en 4 bloques a los que se asignan porcentajes de limitación para cada variable y cada bloque, para llegar a un porcentaje global de limitación en los roles de las personas. Resultados: La distribución de porcentajes por cada bloque es en máximos: 10% para aspectos personales, 55% para clínico-terapéuticos, 24% para laborales y 10% para repercusión en la vida diaria. En función del porcentaje global obtenido tras la valoración del paciente se asignan grados de limitación: grado 1 hasta un porcentaje global < 20%, grado 2 del 20-40%, grado 3 entre el 41-70% y grado 4 > 70%. Conclusión: FM-Check pretende facilitar la labor médica en la evolución del paciente y la toma de decisiones clínico-terapéuticas tras una valoración global de la limitación del paciente con fibromialgia, siguiendo una metodología unificada que permita comparar resultados evolutivos individuales y la realización de estudios epidemiológicos colectivos.

Abstract Introduction: Fibromialgia syndrome is characterised by chronic pain associated with nonspecific somatic symptoms, and has a personal, social, occupational, and economic impact. The assessment is performed independently, by analysing the clinical aspects, severity, therapies, and their effectiveness, as well as the impact on daily life activities and its effect on employment. The FM-Check tool is a subjective scale that can be helpful in jointly assessing all these aspects, and provide professional support in monitoring the patient, as well as contribute to a multidisciplinary approach. Method: To develop FM-Check is developed by starting with the clinical history in which the variables that are going to be used are defined, and grouped into 4 blocks to which a percentage limitation rate is assigned for each variable and each block. An overall percentage limitation is then calculated for the activities in each person. Results: The distribution of assigned percentages was: a maximum of 10% for personal appearance, 55% for clinical-therapeutic aspects, 24% for work aspects, and 10% for impact on everyday life. The limitation levels were classified according to the overall percentage obtained after assessing the patient; grade 1: an overall percentage < 20%, grade 2: 20-40%, grade 3: 41-70%, and grade 4: > 70%. Conclusion: FM-Check aims to make it easier for the clinician to monitor the patient and making medical-therapeutic decisions after an overall assessment of the limitation of the fibromialgia patient. This achieved by following a unified methodology that can compare individual developmental outcomes, as well as for conducting joint epidemiological studies.

Prevalencia de consumo de alcohol en trabajadores de la función pública / Alcohol consumption prevalence in civil servants

El consumo de alcohol constituye una preocupación por sus efectos en salud, y su repercusión en el medio laboral. El objetivo de este trabajo es estimar la prevalencia de consumo de alcohol en trabajadores del sector público y establecer su relación con variables sociodemográficas y laborales. Se realizó un estudio transversal con 1180 trabajadores desde enero a noviembre de 2011. Se calculó la prevalencia de consumo cuantificado en UBE según variables sociodemográficas y laborales (sexo, nivel educativo, tipo de trabajo y clase social). El 81,78% de la muestra es consumidora de alcohol, mayoritariamente hombres con niveles de consumo moderado-severo. Se relaciona el consumo con el bajo nivel educativo, clase social y tipo de trabajo manual. Los resultados nos indican la necesidad de llevar a cabo actuaciones preventivas en el medio laboral desde los servicios de prevención

Alcohol consumption is a concern for its effects on health and repercussions on the work environment. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of alcohol consumption among civil servants and to examine its association with sociodemographic and occupational variables. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1180 workers from January to November 2011. The prevalence of alcohol consumption was measured in ABV (alcohol by volume) units, and examined by sociodemographic and occupational variables (sex, education level, type of work and social class). Overall, 81.78% of the study population consumed alcohol; most were men, with moderate-severe consumption levels. Alcohol consumption was related to low education level, social class, and manual work. These results indicate the need for occupational health services to implement preventive actions at the workplace

Hiperfrecuentacion en Incapacidad Temporal en una empresa socio-sanitaria de las Islas Baleares (España). Variables relacionadas / High-frequency Temporary Disability in a socio-sanitary company of the Balearic Islands (Spain). Related Variables

Objetivos: La Incapacidad Temporal en España tiene una gran transcendencia por su repercusión socio-económica en las empresas y en la sociedad. Interesa conocer las variables que puedan influenciarla para poder actuar preventivamente y minimizar sus repercusiones. Material y Métodos: estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo de los procesos de IT en trabajadores de una empresa del sector socio-sanitario durante 1994-2010 y relación con variables sociodemográficas y laborales. Se emplea el paquete SPSS 20.0. Resultados: Se analizaron 12.516 procesos de IT, que se han producido en 1895 personas. Los trabajadores incluidos en el primer tercil pueden considerarse trabajadores hiperfrecuentadores y han sido responsables del mismo número de procesos, la misma duración y el mismo coste que los de los otros 2 terciles. Conclusiones: Son trabajadores hiperfrecuentadores: en procesos 159 personas (8,4%) con un tercio de los procesos (4179), en duración 104 personas (5,5%) un tercio de los días de IT (14.301) y en costes 102 personas (5,4%) un tercio del coste (13.086.333€) (AU)

Objectives: The Temporary Disability in Spain has a great transcendence for its socio-economic repercussion in companies and in society. It is important to know the variables that can Influence it so that it can act preventively and minimize its repercussions. Material and methods: descriptive and retrospective study of the Temporary Disability processes in workers from a socio-sanitary company during 1994-2010, its relation with sociodemographic variables and labour. The SPSS 20.0 package is used. Results: A total of 12,516 Temporary Disability processes were analysed, involving 1895 people. The workers included in the first tertile can be considered as hyper frequent workers and have been responsible for the same number, the same length and the same cost than those of the other 2 tertiles. Conclusions: High-frequency workers: In processes 159 people (8.4%) one third of the processes (4179), in duration 104 people (5.5%) one third of the Temporary Disability days (14,301) and in costs 102 people (5.4%) one third of the cost (€ 13.086.333) (AU)

Exposoma. Un nuevo concepto en Salud Laboral y Salud Pública / Exposome. A new concept in Occupational and Public Health

El avance del conocimiento científico incorpora nuevas tecnologías y también nuevos conceptos. En toxicología medioambiental y laboral se ha acuñado en los últimos años un nuevo término, exposoma, que agrupa todas las exposiciones ambientales a las que el ser humano está sometido desde la concepción en adelante. Surge como una nueva estrategia para evidenciar los factores de riesgo de enfermedades generadas por el medio ambiente. Supone un reto al investigador en muchos aspectos, especialmente en cuanto a la evaluación del riesgo por exposición, puesto que han de ser considerados varios cientos de exposiciones variables en el tiempo y también desafíos estadísticos, ya que los métodos existentes actualmente no pueden separar de una forma clara las exposiciones que verdaderamente afectan a la salud y las exposiciones correlacionadas. Se revisan aquí algunas de las principales publicaciones en torno a este tema de los últimos años, su enfoque en Salud Ocupacional y repercusión en Salud Pública (AU)

Advancement of scientific knowledge incorporates new technologies and new concepts as well. In Environmental and Occupational Toxicology has been incorporated in the last years a new term, exposome, encompassing all environmental exposures from conception onwards. It arises as a new strategy to evidence environmental disease risk factors and supposes a research challenge on many related aspects, especially with regard to the evaluation of the risk from exposure, that several hundreds of time-varying exposures need to be considered and Statistical Challenges, as currently existing statistical methods cannot efficiently untangle the exposures truly affecting the health outcome from correlated exposures. We review here some of the major publications on this topic in recent years, its focus on Occupational Health and impact on Public Health (AU)

[Pain and workplace. Sociodemographic variables influence in therapeutic response and labor productivity]. / Dolor y trabajo. Influencia de variables sociodemográficas en la respuesta terapéutica y la productividad laboral.

INTRODUCTION: Pain is a major cause of medical consultation. The complexity of managing it is due to its long duration and intensity, and it sometimes requires a combination of multiple drugs. The objective of this study is to assess the use of drugs for pain in workers, the clinical response obtained, its influence on estimating work productivity, its relationship to sociodemographic variables, and the type of drug used. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study on 1,080 workers, aged 18-65 years, during periodic surveys to monitor their health in companies in the service sector in Spain. Treatments used, clinical efficacy, influence on work productivity and sociodemographic variables (age, gender) are evaluated. The Brief Pain Inventory questionnaire, validated for Spain, was used to assess pain, and the SPSS(®) 20.0 package for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: NSAIDs and simple analgesics have higher percentages of improvement in pain (P=.032 and P<.0001, respectively). Men respond better to NSAIDs, and women to simple analgesics. Improved productivity is higher in men than in women (P=.042). No significant differences were observed for age, pain improvement or productivity, except in those over 55 years. CONCLUSIONS: The analgesic prescription pain conditions must consider the age and gender of the patient, as well as the type of drug. The choice of drug should be based on the aetiology and aspects unrelated to the clinical variables, such as sociodemographic, work or psychosocial.