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1.
J Med Chem ; 66(13): 8929-8950, 2023 07 13.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37314941

ABSTRACT

An unmet medical need remains for patients suffering from dry eye disease (DED). A fast-acting, better-tolerated noncorticosteroid anti-inflammatory eye drop could improve patient outcomes and quality of life. Herein, we describe a small-molecule drug discovery effort to identify novel, potent, and water-soluble JAK inhibitors as immunomodulating agents for topical ocular disposition. A focused library of known 3-(4-(2-(arylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)propanenitriles was evaluated as a molecular starting point. Structure-activity relationships (SARs) revealed a ligand-efficient (LE) JAK inhibitor series, amenable to aqueous solubility. Subsequent in vitro analysis indicated the potential for off-target toxicity. A KINOMEscan selectivity profile of 5 substantiated the likelihood of widespread series affinity across the human kinome. An sp2-to-sp3 drug design strategy was undertaken to attenuate off-target kinase activity while driving JAK-STAT potency and aqueous solubility. Tactics to reduce aromatic character, increase fraction sp3 (Fsp3), and bolster molecular complexity led to the azetidin-3-amino bridging scaffold in 31.


Subject(s)
Janus Kinase Inhibitors , Humans , Janus Kinase 1 , Janus Kinase 2 , Janus Kinase 3 , Janus Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Janus Kinases , Phosphorylation , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Solubility
2.
Neuropharmacology ; 58(3): 650-9, 2010 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19944112

ABSTRACT

Small conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels (SK, K(Ca2.1), K(Ca2.2), K(Ca2.3)) are expressed at high levels in brain regions critical for learning and memory. The activation of dendritic SK channels limits the induction of synaptic plasticity that may underlie hippocampal and amygdala dependent memory. EBIO facilitates SK channel activation by increasing their sensitivity to calcium. The compound CyPPA selectively activates SK2 and SK3 channels in a similar manner. To date there has been no report of the effects of SK channel activators on memory. Therefore, the present study examined the effects of systemic EBIO on mice in a behavioral task battery. Significant effects of EBIO on memory and motor activity were validated and extended by examining the effects of systemic CyPPA. Systemic EBIO and CyPPA both produced a transient decline in locomotor behavior. Neither SK channel activator affected anxiety. EBIO (17.5 mg/kg) impaired the encoding, but not retrieval, of object memory in a spontaneous object recognition task. A similar impairment of object memory encoding was observed in CyPPA (15 mg/kg)-treated mice. These memory-impairing effects were not due to changes in motivation, attention or movement. Systemic EBIO did not affect contextual or cued fear memory after conditioning with a 3 tone (CS)-footshock (US) pairing protocol or a 1 CS-US pairing protocol. Interestingly, apamin (0.4 mg/kg) enhanced contextual fear memory in mice conditioned with a 1 CS-US pairing protocol. These results suggest that SK channel activation impairs the encoding of non-aversive memory but not memory for aversive events. These data support converging evidence that SK channels regulate cellular mechanisms of memory encoding.


Subject(s)
Conditioning, Classical/physiology , Fear , Memory/physiology , Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels/metabolism , Animals , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Benzimidazoles/pharmacology , Calcium Channel Agonists/pharmacology , Conditioning, Classical/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Exploratory Behavior/drug effects , Locomotion/drug effects , Male , Maze Learning/drug effects , Memory/drug effects , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Pteridines/pharmacology , Recognition, Psychology/drug effects , Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels/antagonists & inhibitors , Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels/drug effects , Statistics, Nonparametric , Time Factors
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