ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND Trypanosomatids are widespread and cause diseases - such as trypanosomiasis, sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, and cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis - in animals and humans. These diseases occur in both rural and urban regions due to unplanned growth and deforestation. Thus, wild and synanthropic reservoir hosts living in residential areas are risk factors. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the diversity of small mammals (rodents and marsupials), and the occurrence of trypanosomatids, especially Leishmania, in the rural settlement of Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas. METHODS Animals were collected using Sherman, Tomahawk, and Pitfall traps along 16 trails in four landscapes: continuous forest, forest with planting, planting, and peridomiciliar. Leishmania sp. was detected in liver samples by polymerase chain reaction targeting kDNA. FINDINGS Diversity was higher in forests with planting and lower around residences. In total, 135 mammals (81 rodents and 54 marsupials covering 14 genera) were captured. Rodents presented infection rates (IR) of 74% and marsupials of 48%. Rodents in domicile landscapes presented a higher IR (92.9%), while marsupials showed a higher IR in forests (53.3%). MAIN CONCLUSIONS The results suggest high prevalence of trypanosomatids across 12 mammalian genera possibly involved as reservoir hosts in the enzootic transmission of leishmaniasis in the Amazon's rural, peridomiciliar landscape.
Subject(s)
Animals , Leishmania , Marsupialia , Rodentia , Brazil/epidemiology , MammalsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Inadequate diet, whether due to excess or insufficient calories and nutrients, results in health risk situations as well as inadequate nutritional profile. The presence of nutritional deficiencies is more visible in women and, therefore, is more likely to reflect the risks of such deficiencies. Knowing the profile of the nutritional status of the female population of Maranhão, Brazil, which provide evidence of the nutritional status of their families, may support the creation of specific actions to combat eating problems and, consequently, improve their healthOBJECTIVE: To evaluate the nutritional profile and its relationship with social determinants in a population of women attended by the program of Family Health Strategy in MaranhãoMETHODS: Cross-sectional study with 989 women aged 15 to 49 years, carried out during July to September 2010. Socioeconomic data were collected through a questionnaire, in addition it was applied of the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale to know the level of food insecurity. Body mass index (BMI) and hip and waist circumference measurements were obtained to verify the nutritional profile. The variables were analyzed for frequencies, distribution and central tendency. Bivariate analysis was performed as to the associations between socioeconomic variables and BMI. The Spearman correlation coefficient was used between the food safety score and the BMI, adopting a significance level of 5%. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performedRESULTS: It was found a relationship between the BMI classification with some social determinants such as age, family income and food insecurity. There is a high prevalence of women at nutritional risk, especially for overweight and obesity, as well as the presence of thinness and short statureCONCLUSION: Socioeconomic factors have a significant association with women's Body Mass Index indicating that there is an important relationship between age-matched maternal Body Mass Index and food insecurity
INTRODUÇÃO: A alimentação inadequada, seja por excesso ou insuficiência de calorias e nutrientes, resulta em situações de risco à saúde assim como inadequações do perfil nutricional. A presença de deficiências nutricionais é mais visível em mulheres e, portanto, existe maior probabilidade de refletir os riscos de tais deficiências. . Conhecer o perfil do estado nutricional da população feminina do Maranhão, que retratar o estado nutricional de suas família, podendo auxiliar na criação de ações específicas no combate aos problemas alimentares e, consequentemente, de saúdeOBJETIVO: Avaliar o perfil nutricional e sua relação com determinantes sociais em população de mulheres maranhenses atendidas pela Estratégia Saúde da FamíliaMÉTODO: Estudo de corte transversal com 989 mulheres maranhenses com idade entre 15 e 49 anos, de julho a setembro de 2010. Por meio de questionário foram coletados dados para verificação das condições socioeconômicas, além da aplicação da Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar para verificar o nível de insegurança alimentar. Índice de Massa Corporal e as medidas de circunferências de quadril e cintura foram obtidas para verificar o perfil nutricional. . As variáveis foram analisadas quanto a frequências, distribuição e tendência central. Foi realizada a análise bivariada quanto às associações entre as variáveis socioeconômicas e o Índice de Massa Corporal. Utilizou-se o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman entre o escore de segurança alimentar e o Índice de Massa Corporal, adotando-se o nível de significância de 5%. A análise de regressão linear de múltiplas variáveis foi realizadaRESULTADOS: Houve relação entre a classificação do Índice de Massa Corporal das mulheres com determinantes sociais como idade, renda familiar e insegurança alimentar. Observa-se prevalência elevada de mulheres em risco nutricional, principalmente para sobrepeso e obesidade, embora se observe ainda a presença de magreza e de baixa estaturaCONCLUSÃO: Os fatores socioeconômicos tem associação significante ao Índice de Massa Corporal das mulheres indicando que existe uma importante relação entre Índice de Massa Corporal materno com idade e a situação de insegurança alimentar
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To show the clinical management of rhabdomyolysis secondary to laparoscopic surgery and how clinical treatment may be enough for adequate resolution. METHODS: Laparoscopic nephrectomy is a routine technique, which may have associated morbidity. We present one case of rhabdomyolysis which presented as gluteal pain and functional impotency, together with skin lesions, acute renal failure and elevated muscle enzymes. RESULTS: In our case, the patient had a satisfactory outcome with medical treatment. We perform a bibliographic review in which we identify multiple risk factors, such as body mass index, surgical time, position during operation with lateral decubitus and 40-60 degrees flexion. Prevention is the most important factor to avoid acute renal failure secondary to myoglobin. CONCLUSIONS: Prevention, early detection, and immediate start of therapeutic measures are essential for the good resolution of rhabdomyolysis after surgery.
Subject(s)
Laparoscopy , Nephrectomy/adverse effects , Nephrectomy/methods , Rhabdomyolysis/etiology , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
El presente manual está diseñado en temas sobre prevención y control de la tuberculosis y derechos humanos, así como las herramientas y técnicas necesarias para realizar las sesiones educativas con un enfoque de promoción de la salud, utilizando una metodología participativa que toma en cuenta las condiciones de contexto como base para su formación de promotor de salud en la lucha y control de la tuberculosis(AU)
Subject(s)
Health Promotion/organization & administration , Health Education , Tuberculosis/prevention & control , Manuals and Guidelines for Research Management , PeruABSTRACT
El presente manual está diseñado en temas sobre prevención y control de la tuberculosis y derechos humanos, así como las herramientas y técnicas necesarias para realizar las sesiones educativas con un enfoque de promoción de la salud, utilizando una metodología participativa que toma en cuenta las condiciones de contexto como base para su formación de promotor de salud en la lucha y control de la tuberculosis.
Subject(s)
Health Education , Manuals and Guidelines for Research Management , Health Promotion/organization & administration , Tuberculosis/prevention & control , PeruABSTRACT
The effects of 800 micrograms of inhaled SK&F 104353, a peptidoleukotriene receptor antagonist, and of 20 mg disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction were compared in 18 asthmatic patients. The study was conducted according to a double-blind, crossover, randomized, placebo-controlled design. Two baseline exercise tests were carried out, and pulmonary function tests were done before and at 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 min after completion of the exercise. Patients showing a 20% or greater decrease in FEV1 in both exercise challenges entered the blinded portion of the study. When placebo was administered before exercise, FEV1 fell to the same extent as during the baseline phase. After SK&F 104353 and DSCG, the bronchoconstriction was attenuated. The mean maximal percentage fall in FEV1 after exercise was 29% after placebo and 20% after SK&F 104353 and DSCG. The differences between the two active treatments did not reach the 5% level of statistical significance, though at 20 min SK&F 104353 showed a more pronounced effect than DSCG. The protective effect suggests an important role of leukotrienes in the pathogenesis of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.
Subject(s)
Asthma, Exercise-Induced/prevention & control , Cromolyn Sodium/therapeutic use , Dicarboxylic Acids/therapeutic use , SRS-A/antagonists & inhibitors , Adult , Aerosols , Double-Blind Method , Exercise Test , Forced Expiratory Volume/drug effects , Humans , Male , Peak Expiratory Flow Rate/drug effectsABSTRACT
Slower drug absorption at night can leave residual drug from an evening dose of a sustained-release product remaining to be absorbed at the time of the next morning's dose, thereby giving higher plasma concentrations of the drug during the day than the night. When a capsule product releasing theophylline over 12 h after a morning dose was given repetitively at 8 a.m. and 8 p.m. for 4 days, daytime plasma concentrations from 4 h to 8 h after the dose were about 40% greater than corresponding night-time concentrations, and the mean steady-state concentration during the night-time interval was only 81% of that during the daytime interval. Altering the regimen to one capsule at 12 noon and one at 10 p.m. eliminated all significant differences between a.m. and corresponding p.m. plasma concentrations of theophylline and between the mean steady-state concentrations for each of the interdose intervals within a day.
