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1.
J Diabetes Res ; 2015: 605965, 2015.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26064986

ABSTRACT

AIMS: The polymorphisms of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines may be involved in type 2 diabetes (T2D) pathogenesis and its complications. METHODS: We investigated in 102 T2D patients the association of the cytokine polymorphisms in the TNF-α, IL-10, IL-6, TGF-ß1, and IFN-γ genes with the T2D microvascular complications and comorbidities (hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity). Cytokine genotypes were determined by PCR using Cytokine Genotyping Tray kit. RESULTS: Diabetic retinopathy was associated with GG genotype and G allele in TGF-ß1 codon 25C/G polymorphism (p = 0.004 and p = 0.018) and the nephropathy was associated the lower frequency of GG genotype in IL-10 -1082G/A polymorphism (p = 0.049). Hypertension was associated with the CC genotype and C allele for IL-10 -592C/A polymorphism (p = 0.013 and p = 0.009) and higher frequencies of T (p = 0.047) and C (p = 0.033) alleles of the TGF-ß1 codon 10T/C and IL-10 -819T/C polymorphisms, respectively. The TGF-ß1 codon 10T/C polymorphism was associated with the BMI groups (p = 0.026): the CC genotype was more frequent in the group with BMI < 25 Kg/m(2), while the TC genotype was more frequent in the group with BMI = 30 Kg/m(2). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that TGF-ß1 and IL-10 polymorphisms are involved in complications and comorbidities in T2D patients.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Complications/genetics , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics , Interferon-gamma/genetics , Interleukin-10/genetics , Interleukin-6/genetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Transforming Growth Factor beta1/genetics , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics , Aged , Alleles , Female , Gene Frequency , Genetic Association Studies , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Genotype , Humans , Male , Middle Aged
2.
Braz J Biol ; 68(2): 233-40, 2008 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18660950

ABSTRACT

Spatial autocorrelation is the lack of independence between pairs of observations at given distances within a geographical space, a phenomenon commonly found in ecological data. Taking into account spatial autocorrelation when evaluating problems in geographical ecology, including gradients in species richness, is important to describe both the spatial structure in data and to correct the bias in Type I errors of standard statistical analyses. However, to effectively solve these problems it is necessary to establish the best way to incorporate the spatial structure to be used in the models. In this paper, we applied autoregressive models based on different types of connections and distances between 181 cells covering the Cerrado region of Central Brazil to study the spatial variation in mammal and bird species richness across the biome. Spatial structure was stronger for birds than for mammals, with R(2) values ranging from 0.77 to 0.94 for mammals and from 0.77 to 0.97 for birds, for models based on different definitions of spatial structures. According to the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), the best autoregressive model was obtained by using the rook connection. In general, these results furnish guidelines for future modelling of species richness patterns in relation to environmental predictors and other variables expressing human occupation in the biome.


Subject(s)
Biodiversity , Geography , Models, Biological , Trees , Animals , Birds , Brazil , Mammals , Population Density
3.
Braz. j. biol ; 68(2): 233-240, May 2008. ilus, graf, mapas, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-486747

ABSTRACT

Spatial autocorrelation is the lack of independence between pairs of observations at given distances within a geographical space, a phenomenon commonly found in ecological data. Taking into account spatial autocorrelation when evaluating problems in geographical ecology, including gradients in species richness, is important to describe both the spatial structure in data and to correct the bias in Type I errors of standard statistical analyses. However, to effectively solve these problems it is necessary to establish the best way to incorporate the spatial structure to be used in the models. In this paper, we applied autoregressive models based on different types of connections and distances between 181 cells covering the Cerrado region of Central Brazil to study the spatial variation in mammal and bird species richness across the biome. Spatial structure was stronger for birds than for mammals, with R² values ranging from 0.77 to 0.94 for mammals and from 0.77 to 0.97 for birds, for models based on different definitions of spatial structures. According to the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), the best autoregressive model was obtained by using the rook connection. In general, these results furnish guidelines for future modelling of species richness patterns in relation to environmental predictors and other variables expressing human occupation in the biome.


Autocorrelação espacial é definida como a falta de independência entre pares de observações a uma dada distância geográfica e é um fenômeno muito freqüente em dados ecológicos. É importante levar em consideração os efeitos de autocorrelação espacial em ecologia geográfica, tanto para realizar uma descrição mais detalhada dos dados quanto para corrigir estimativas enviesadas do erro Tipo I das análises estatísticas convencionais. Entretanto, para resolver efetivamente esses problemas, é preciso avaliar a melhor forma de incorporar estruturas espaciais nos modelos. Neste estudo, modelos autoregressivos, baseados em diferentes tipos de conexões e distâncias entre 181 células de uma rede cobrindo a região do Cerrado brasileiro, foram ajustados para avaliar a variação espacial de riqueza de mamíferos e aves dentro do bioma. A estrutura espacial foi ligeiramente mais forte para aves do que para mamíferos, com valores de R² variando entre 0,77 e 0,94 para mamíferos e 0,77 e 0,97 para aves, em modelos baseados em diferentes formas de conexão espacial. Segundo o Critério de Informação Akaike (AIC), o modelo autoregressivo melhor ajustado foi obtido através da conexão "em torre". Em geral, esses resultados fornecem diretrizes para futuras modelagens dos padrões de riqueza de espécies que estão associados a preditores ambientais e/ou a variáveis que expressam a ocupação humana no Cerrado.


Subject(s)
Animals , Biodiversity , Geography , Models, Biological , Trees , Birds , Brazil , Mammals , Population Density
4.
Braz J Biol ; 65(2): 251-61, 2005 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16097727

ABSTRACT

Spatial patterns in biodiversity variation at a regional scale are rarely taken into account when a natural reserve is to be established, despite many available methods for determining them. In this paper, we used dimensions of occurrence of 105 species of Anura (Amphibia) in the cerrado region of central Brazil to create a regional system of potential areas that preserves all regional diversity, using three different algorithms to establish reserve networks: "greedy", rarity, and simulated annealing algorithms. These generated networks based on complementarity with 10, 12, and 8 regions, respectively, widely distributed in the biome, and encompassing various Brazilian states. Although the purpose of these algorithms is to find a small number of regions for which all species are represented at least once, the results showed that 67.6%, 76.2%, and 69.5% of the species were represented in two or more regions in the three networks. Simulated annealing produced the smallest network, but it left out three species (one endemic). On the other hand, while the greedy algorithm produce a smaller solution, the rarity-based algorithm ensured that more species were represented more than once, which can be advantageous because it takes into consideration the high levels of habitat loss in the cerrado. Although usually coarse, these macro-scale approaches can provide overall guidelines for conservation and are useful in determining the focus for more local and effective conservation efforts, which is especially important when dealing with a taxonomic group such as anurans, for which quick and drastic population declines have been reported throughout the world.


Subject(s)
Algorithms , Anura , Biodiversity , Animals , Brazil , Conservation of Natural Resources , Population Dynamics
5.
Braz. j. biol ; 65(2): 251-261, May 2005. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-417919

ABSTRACT

Os padrões espaciais da variação da biodiversidade em escalas regionais raramente são considerados na escolha de uma reserva (unidades de conservação), a despeito dos diversos métodos disponíveis para esse fim. Neste trabalho, usamos dados da extensão de ocorrência de 105 espécies de Anura (Amphibia) na região de Cerrado, no Brasil Central, para estabelecer um sistema regional de áreas potenciais que preserve toda a diversidade da região. Para tanto, três algoritmos de seleção de redes de reservas foram testados: "greedy", raridade e "annealing" simulado. Com base na complementação, esses algoritmos geraram redes com 10, 12 e 8 regiões, respectivamente, sendo estas amplamente distribuídas no bioma e contemplando diferentes Estados da União. Esses algoritmos buscam o menor número de regiões que representem todas as espécies pelo menos uma vez. No entanto, 67,6%, 76,2% e 69,5% das espécies foram representadas ("preservadas") em duas ou mais regiões nas três redes de reservas selecionadas pelos métodos citados. O algoritmo "annealing" simulado resultou na menor rede, no entanto, não incluiu áreas para a preservação de três espécies (sendo uma delas endêmica). Por outro lado, embora o algoritmo de "greedy" tenha resultado em menor solução, o método baseado na raridade garante que mais espécies sejam representadas mais de uma vez, o que pode ser vantajoso considerando a elevada taxa de perda de habitat no Cerrado. Embora imprecisas, as abordagens em grandes escalas espaciais podem indicar estratégias gerais para a conservação e definir esforços de conservação locais e mais efetivos. Isto é especialmente importante quando se trata de um grupo taxonômico como os anuros, com declínios populacionais acentuados registrados mundialmente.


Subject(s)
Animals , Algorithms , Anura , Biodiversity , Brazil , Conservation of Natural Resources , Population Dynamics
6.
Braz J Biol ; 64(1): 41-52, 2004 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15195363

ABSTRACT

Macroecological variables of Anuran species found in a local assemblage from Central Brazil (Silvânia, Goiás State) were linked to population dyamics statistics of these species. Geographical range size (GRS), body size, and species' midpoints were the macroecological variables investigated for those species found in the local assemblage and for all other species (105 in the total) found in the Cerrado biome. For each species found in the local assemblage, data on abundance was obtained. Using this data, local population variability as expressed by the coefficient of variation was estimated. Distribution of means, medians, maximum, variances, and skewness (g1), for both GRS and body size, estimated in the local assemblage were compared, using null models, with the data extracted from the overall Cerrado species pool. The results indicated a clear macroecological relationship between GRS and body size and a decrease in local abundance when distance between the locality analyzed and species midpoint increased. According to null models, both body size and GRS values measured in the local assemblage can be considered a random sample from the regional species pool (Cerrado region). Finally, a three-dimensional analysis using body size, GRS, and local population estimates (abundance and variability), indicated that less abundant and more fluctuating species fell near the lower boundary of the polygonal relationship between GRS and body size. Thus, macroecological results linked with local data on population dynamics supported the minimum viable population model.


Subject(s)
Anura/anatomy & histology , Body Constitution , Ecosystem , Animals , Anura/classification , Anura/physiology , Brazil , Population Density , Population Dynamics , Spatial Behavior
7.
Braz. j. biol ; 64(1): 41-52, Feb. 2004. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-365267

ABSTRACT

Variáveis macroecológicas de uma assembléia local de espécies de anfíbios anuros do Brasil Central (Silvânia, Estado de Goiás) foram relacionadas com estatísticas de dinâmica de população dessas espécies. A extensão de ocorrência (GRS), o tamanho de corpo e o centro de distribuição das espécies foram as variáveis macroecológicas investigadas para as espécies da assembléia local e para todas as outras espécies (105 no total) encontradas no bioma de Cerrado. Também foram obtidos dados de abundância para 15 espécies da assembléia local. Usando esses dados, a variabilidade populacional foi estimada pelo coeficiente de variação. A distribuição de médias, medianas, máximos, assimetrias e curtoses, para GRS e tamanho de corpo, da assembléia local foi comparada, por intermédio de modelos nulos, com os dados do conjunto de espécies do Cerrado. Os resultados indicaram clara relação macroecológica entre a GRS e o tamanho do corpo, bem como diminuição da abundância local com o aumento da distância entre os centros de distribuição das espécies e a localidade analisada. De acordo com os modelos nulos, os valores do tamanho de corpo e da GRS das espécies da assembléia local podem ser considerados uma amostra aleatória proveniente da composição regional de todo o Cerrado. Finalmente, uma análise tridimensional considerando o tamanho do corpo, a GRS, a abundância local e a variabilidade populacional indicou que espécies menos abundantes, com maior variabilidade populacional, estão próximas ao limite inferior da relação poligonal entre GRS e tamanho de corpo. Assim, os resultados macroecológicos, quando relacionados a dados obtidos em pequenas escalas espaciais, corroboraram o modelo de população mínima viável.


Subject(s)
Animals , Anura , Body Constitution , Ecosystem , Anura , Brazil , Population Density , Population Dynamics , Spatial Behavior
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