Mapping the regeneration potential of native vegetation in cultivated pastures of the Brazilian Cerrado.

The Brazilian Cerrado is a hotspot of biodiversity conservation and an important global agricultural region. Cultivated pastures under different degradation levels are dominant in the landscape and are being targeted for sustainable agricultural intensification and restoration of native vegetation. In this study, we classified the cultivated pastures of the Brazilian Cerrado according to their potential for natural regeneration, based on field surveys and environmental predictors. We surveyed the native vegetation cover in 186 plots distributed along 93 cultivated pastures. The environmental predictors considered in this study were the proportion of sand in the soil, cation exchange capacity, climate water deficit, pasture age, slope, and pasture vigor index. We then applied the Random Forest regression algorithm to predict and map the cultivated pastures according to their potential for natural regeneration in the 19 Cerrado ecoregions. The potential for natural regeneration was classified into low (< 30% of native plant cover), medium (30-50%), and high (> 50%). Our prediction explained 75% of the data variability. Most of the cultivated pastures presented medium potential for natural regeneration (57%), while 31% and 12% presented high and low potentials, respectively. Cultivated pastures in ecoregions with high mechanization, due to their high water availability and extensive flat terrains, presented low potential for natural regeneration. This first attempt to map the potential for natural regeneration in the cultivated pastures of the Brazilian Cerrado can be used as a proxy for planning low-cost and predictable restoration or environmentally sustainable intensification in this major type of land use found in this biome.

Factors affecting savanna and forest regeneration in pastures across the cerrado.

The Cerrado region comprises the world's most biodiverse savanna and the largest cultivated pastures for cattle in Brazil. Forty percent of these pastures are unproductive or degraded, with bare soil and native vegetation increasingly replacing exotic forage grasses. This study sought to investigate the regeneration of native vegetation in the pastures of the Cerrado and to evaluate the contribution of biophysical, land management, and landscape attributes to this process. Across the Cerrado, we analyzed pasture plant communities and the attributes of pasture management intensification, fire events, landscape native vegetation cover, and climate and soil types of 93 active pastures and 15 abandoned pastures. For the abandoned pastures, time since abandonment was an additional variable. On actively cultivated pastures, savanna regeneration varied from 0 to 70%, with a diversity of herbs and woody species. Pasture management was the main predictor of savanna regeneration on cultivated pastures. On abandoned pastures, time since abandonment was the main predictor. Exotic grass cover had a strong negative relationship with savanna regeneration and they were present even in pastures abandoned for 44 years. Our study reveals the potential of natural regeneration of the Cerrado and its particular predictors. The occurrence of pastures with high natural regeneration indicates that national policies can promote native vegetation restoration and silvopastoral systems with predictable, low cost implementation.

Germinação de espécies arbóreas de floresta estacional decidual do vale do rio Paranã em Goiás após três tipos de armazenamento por até 15 meses / Germination of tropical dry forest tree species of Paranã river basin, Goiás state, after three types of storage and up to 15 months

Em florestas deciduais a dispersão de sementes ocorre principalmente na estação seca e a germinação no início da estação chuvosa. O atraso das primeiras chuvas e a ocorrência de veranicos são importantes causas de mortalidade de sementes e plântulas. Armazenar sementes e plantá-las na estação chuvosa poderia aumentar a germinação e a sobrevivência de plântulas. Para isso é necessário verificar se as sementes mantêm sua germinabilidade após armazenamento. No presente estudo, investigamos se sementes de espécies arbóreas de floresta decidual alteram sua germinabilidade após i) serem armazenadas em condições naturais por três e 15 meses, e ii) em banco de germoplasma a -20 e -196 ºC. Coletamos sementes de 19 espécies de florestas estacionais deciduais do vale do rio Paranã, Goiás, nos meses de agosto a outubro de 2005. Um lote foi separado para a realização do teste de germinação, logo após a coleta. Uma quantidade deste lote permaneceu em câmaras a -20 ºC e outra foi imersa em nitrogênio liquido por 72 horas. Outros dois lotes foram armazenados em condições naturais por três e 15 meses antes do teste de germinação. Após três meses de armazenamento, apenas duas espécies, Cordia trichotoma (73 para 38 por cento) e Copaifera langsdorffii (85 para 65 por cento), reduziram sua germinabilidade. Após 15 meses, três espécies reduziram significativamente sua germinabilidade, Cordia trichotoma (73 para 5 por cento), Cavanillesia arborea (77 para 12 por cento) e Anadenanthera colubrina (93 para 76 por cento), e duas espécies, Aspidosperma pyrifolium e Tabebuia impetiginosa, perderam completamente sua germinabilidade. As temperaturas -20 e -196ºC reduziram a germinabilidade de uma espécie cada, Tabebuia impetiginosa (90 para 70 por cento) e Aspidosperma pyrifolium (90 para 43 por cento), respectivamente. O ambiente natural e o armazenamento a -20 e -196ºC se mostraram eficazes quanto à preservação das qualidades fisiológicas de sementes de grande parte...

Seed dispersal in tropical deciduous forests occurs mostly in the dry season and germination at the onset of the rainy season. The delay of the first rains and dry spells are major mortality factors in dry forest regions. Storing seeds to plant during the constant rains could increase germination and seedling survival. We investigated the germination percentage of deciduous forest tree species after being stored i) at -20 ºC and -196 ºC (liquid nitrogen), and ii) at natural conditions for three and 15 months. Seeds of 19 tree species of deciduous forests of Paranã river basin, Goiás state, were collected from August to October 2005. Two experiments were run: i) storage for three and 15 months in brown bags at environmental temperature, ii) storage for 72 hours at -20 ºC cameras, liquid nitrogen (-196 ºC) and a control. Storage at environmental temperature decreased germination of only two species after three months, Cordia trichotoma (73 to 38 percent) and Copaifera langsdorffii (85 to 65 percent). Three species decreased germination after 15 months (Cordia trichotoma, 73 to 5 percent; Cavanillesia arborea, 77 percent to 12 percent; and Anadenanthera colubrina, 93 percent to 76 percent) and two species, Aspidosperma pyrifolium and Tabebuia impetiginosa, lost completely their germination. Temperatures -20 and -196 ºC decreased germination of only one species each, Tabebuia impetiginosa (90 to 70 percent) and Aspidosperma pyrifolium (90 to 43 percent), respectively. In general, environmental temperature storage up to 15 months and -20 and -196 ºC storage were efficient to preserve seed germinability of many dry forest tree species from Paranã river basin. These are feasible options to ex situ conservation and to increase germination for direct seeding strategies of restoration.

Environmental variables and tree population structures in deciduous forests of central Brazil with different levels of logging

Population structures of six tree species in three fragments of intact seasonal deciduous forest and three fragments disturbed by logging were studied in the northeastern Goiás. Forty random 400 m² plots were allocated in each fragment to survey plant population structures, number of stumps, cattle feces, burnt logs, and canopy openness. Soil cover by life forms was estimated in 1m² sub-plots. Lianas were abundant in intermediately logged fragments and invasive herbs in the most disturbed fragment. Cattle avoided dense herbaceous strata, such as liana tangles. Cavanillesia arborea, Eugenia dysenterica and Swartzia multijuga trees occurred at very low densities in all the fragments and their seedlings were practically absent, which might endanger their future populations in these fragments. Myracrodruon urundeuva, Tabebuia impetiginosa and Astronium fraxinifolium, the most logged species, had high density of seedlings in all the fragments. However, the highest density of saplings and juvenile individuals occurred in the most disturbed fragment.

As estruturas populacionais de seis espécies de árvores foram estudadas em três fragmentos de floresta estacional decidual intactos e três fragmentos impactados pela exploração seletiva de madeira no nordeste goiano. Quarenta parcelas de 400m² foram estabelecidas em cada fragmento para a amostragem de populações, número de tocos, fezes de gado, troncos queimados e abertura de dossel. A cobertura do solo por formas de vida foi estimada em sub-parcelas de 1m². Lianas foram mais abundantes em fragmentos com perturbação intermediária, enquanto herbáceas invasoras no fragmento mais perturbado. Cavanillesia arborea, Eugenia dysenterica e Swartzia multijuga ocorreram em densidades muito baixas em todos os fragmentos e plântulas foram praticamente ausentes, o que pode ameaçar o futuro de suas populações. Myracrodruon urundeuva, Tabebuia impetiginosa e Astronium fraxinifolium, as espécies mais exploradas da região, tiveram alta densidade de plântulas em todos os fragmentos. Entretanto, a maior densidade de plântulas estabelecidas (>1 ano) e juvenis ocorreu no fragmento mais perturbado.