Profilaxis antibiótica "dirigida" por cultivos rectales antes de la biopsia prostática transrectal: reducción de complicaciones infecciosas y costes de atención sanitaria / Rectal culture-directed antibiotic prophylaxis before transrectal prostate biopsy: Reduced infectious complications and healthcare costs

Introducción: La biopsia prostática transrectal ecográficamente dirigida (BPTE) se asocia a complicaciones infecciosas (CI). Las CI están relacionadas con un incremento de la prevalencia de bacterias ciprofloxacino-resistentes (BCR) en la flora rectal. Estudiamos las CI ocurridas en 2 grupos. Grupo de profilaxis antibiótica «dirigida» (GPD) vs. grupo de profilaxis empírica (GPE). Evaluamos el impacto económico que supone la profilaxis antibiótica «dirigida» (PD). Material y métodos: El GPD se estudió prospectivamente (junio 2013-julio 2014). Se recogieron cultivos rectales (CR) antes de BPTE y se sembraron en medios selectivos con ciprofloxacino para determinar la presencia de BCR. Los pacientes con bacterias sensibles recibieron ciprofloxacino. Pacientes con bacterias resistentes recibieron PD según antibiograma del CR. El GPE se estudió retrospectivamente (enero 2011-junio 2009). El CR no se realizó y todos los pacientes recibieron ciprofloxacino como profilaxis. Las CI ocurridas en ambos grupos se registraron en un periodo no superior a 30 días después de BPTE (historia clínica electrónica). Resultados: Trescientos pacientes fueron sometidos a BPTE, 145 recibieron PD y 155 PE. En el GPD, 23 pacientes (15,86%) presentaron BCR en CR. Solo un paciente (0,7%) experimentó ITU. En el GPE, 26 pacientes (16,8%) experimentaron múltiples CI (incluidas 2 sepsis) (p < 0,005). El coste total estimado, incluido el manejo de las CI, fue de 57.076 € con PE vs. 4.802,33 € con PD. El coste promedio/paciente con PE fue de 368,23 € vs. 33,11 € con PD. La PD logró un ahorro total estimado de 52.273,67 €. Es necesario que 6 pacientes se sometan a PD para prevenir una CI. Conclusiones: La PD se asoció a un notable descenso de la incidencia de CI causadas por BCR y redujo los costos de atención sanitaria

Transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TUPB) is associated with infectious complications (ICs), which are related to a greater prevalence of ciprofloxacin-resistant bacteria (CRB) in rectal flora. We examined the ICs that occurred in 2 groups: A guided antibiotic prophylaxis (GP) group and an empiric prophylaxis (EP) group. We assessed the financial impact of GP.: Material and methods: The GP group was studied prospectively (June 2013 to July 2014). We collected rectal cultures (RCs) before the TUPB, which were seeded on selective media with ciprofloxacin to determine the presence of CRB. The patients with sensitive bacteria were administered ciprofloxacin. Patients with resistant bacteria were administered GP according to the RC antibiogram. The EP group was studied retrospectively (January 2011 to June 2009). RCs were not performed, and all patients were treated with ciprofloxacin as prophylaxis. The ICs in both groups were recorded during a period no longer than 30 days following TUPB (electronic medical history). Results: Three hundred patients underwent TUPB, 145 underwent GP, and 155 underwent EP. In the GP group, 23 patients (15.86%) presented CRB in the RCs. Only one patient (0.7%) experienced a UTI. In the EP group, 26 patients (16.8%) experienced multiple ICs (including 2 cases of sepsis) (P < .005). The estimated total cost, including the management of the ICs, was €57,076 with EP versus €4802.33 with GP. The average cost per patient with EP was € 368.23 versus €33.11 with GP. GP achieved an estimated total savings of € 52,273.67. Six patients had to undergo GP to prevent an IC. Conclusions: GP is associated with a marked decrease in the incidence of ICs caused by CRB and reduced healthcare costs

Rectal culture-directed antibiotic prophylaxis before transrectal prostate biopsy: Reduced infectious complications and healthcare costs. / Profilaxis antibiótica «dirigida¼ por cultivos rectales antes de la biopsia prostática transrectal: reducción de complicaciones infecciosas y costes de atención sanitaria.

BACKGROUND: Transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TUPB) is associated with infectious complications (ICs), which are related to a greater prevalence of ciprofloxacin-resistant bacteria (CRB) in rectal flora. We examined the ICs that occurred in 2 groups: A guided antibiotic prophylaxis (GP) group and an empiric prophylaxis (EP) group. We assessed the financial impact of GP. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The GP group was studied prospectively (June 2013 to July 2014). We collected rectal cultures (RCs) before the TUPB, which were seeded on selective media with ciprofloxacin to determine the presence of CRB. The patients with sensitive bacteria were administered ciprofloxacin. Patients with resistant bacteria were administered GP according to the RC antibiogram. The EP group was studied retrospectively (January 2011 to June 2009). RCs were not performed, and all patients were treated with ciprofloxacin as prophylaxis. The ICs in both groups were recorded during a period no longer than 30 days following TUPB (electronic medical history). RESULTS: Three hundred patients underwent TUPB, 145 underwent GP, and 155 underwent EP. In the GP group, 23 patients (15.86%) presented CRB in the RCs. Only one patient (0.7%) experienced a UTI. In the EP group, 26 patients (16.8%) experienced multiple ICs (including 2 cases of sepsis) (P<.005). The estimated total cost, including the management of the ICs, was €57,076 with EP versus €4802.33 with GP. The average cost per patient with EP was €368.23 versus €33.11 with GP. GP achieved an estimated total savings of €52,273.67. Six patients had to undergo GP to prevent an IC. CONCLUSIONS: GP is associated with a marked decrease in the incidence of ICs caused by CRB and reduced healthcare costs.

Características clínicas y cambios epidemiológicos de «tinea capitis» en la población pediátrica / Clinical features and epidemiological changes in tinea capitis on a pediatric population

El aumento de la población extranjera ha determinado cambios en los dermatofitos productores de tinea capitis en diversos países. Presentamos una revisión de los pacientes pediátricos atendidos en un hospital de segundo nivel con clínica de tinea capitis y cultivo de escamas cutáneas del cuero cabelludo positivo para dermatofitos, con el fin de conocer la posible variación en la epidemiología, la presentación clínica y la respuesta al tratamiento antifúngico de dicha infección en los últimos años. En el 60% de los pacientes el cultivo fue positivo para Microsporum canis; se manifestó predominantemente como una forma alopécica microspórica en pacientes autóctonos con buena respuesta a la griseofulvina oral. Trichophyton violaceum fue el segundo dermatofito en frecuencia, causante de tinea capitis en 6 pacientes de origen africano; la forma de presentación más habitual fue una descamación fina del cuero cabelludo, con escasa o nula alopecia, y la mejor respuesta terapéutica se obtuvo con la terbinafina sistémica. Realizamos una comparación de las diferentes características epidemiológicas, clínicas y terapéuticas entre ambos hongos dermatofitos (AU)

Increasing numbers of foreigners has led to some changes in tinea capitis etiological agents in several countries. We present a review of pediatric patients suffering from tinea capitis with scalp scales positives cultures for dermatophytes attended in the last years at a second level hospital, in order to know the epidemiological features, clinical and therapeutic response variations. Microsporum canis was isolated in 60% of the patients; it was mostly seen as an alopecic microsporic clinical form in native children with an adequate response to oral griseofulvine. Trichophyton violaceum was the second most frequently isolated dermatophyte, which caused tinea capitis in 6 African children; it often produced a thin shedding scale with null or little associated alopecia and systemic terbinafine obtained the best therapeutic response. We compare both etiological agents in terms of their different epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic features (AU)

[Prevalence of immunity to hepatitis viruses in pregnant women from the health area of Gijón (Spain)]. / Prevalencia de inmunidad frente a los virus de la hepatitis en gestantes del Area Sanitaria de Gijón.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of the study is to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B or C chronic infection, and hepatitis A or E immunity among pregnant women from Gijón, as well as their clinical and epidemiological antecedents. PATIENTS AND METHOD: HBsAg and anti-HCV were determined in 2287 pregnant women consecutively attended in the Cabueñes Hospital, Gijón. Ninety nine of them, non-European or Gipsy, were also tested for anti-HAV IgG and anti-HEV IgG as were a sample of 325 and 365 respectively of the remaining 2188. Several clinical and epidemiological parameters were checked in all of them. RESULTS: Hepatitis B virus: 10.8% (246/2287) were previously vaccinated. Among the 2043 non vaccinated, 0.8% (17 cases) were HBsAg+. None of them had HBV replication and in 59% (10/17) the HBV infection was unknown. Hepatitis C virus: 1.44% (33/2287) women were anti-VHC+, 1.26% (29/2287) anti-VHC and PCR+. In 28% of them (8/29) no parenteral risk factor was identified. Again, the infection was unknown in 58% (17/29) previously unknown. Hepatitis A virus: excluding non-European and Gipsy women, with a rate of immunity against HAV in younger than 29 years-old of 57% (12/21) and 89% (16/18), respectively, the anti-HAV IgG was positive in 17% (22/128) of the women younger than 29 years-old, 28% (60/214) between 29 and 36 years-old, and in 56% (13/23) of those older than 36 years-old. Hepatitis E virus: anti-HEC IgG was found in 2% (2/99) non European or Gipsy pregnant women and in 0.6% of the rest (2/325). CONCLUSIONS: a). Vaccination rate against hepatitis B virus is still low among pregnant women in Gijón; b). most of HBsAg+ or anti-VHC+ ignore it and many of them have not an evident risk factor; c). susceptibility to hepatitis A infection is high, with progress towards adult age, and d). remember the possibility of infection by hepatitis E virus.

[Predictive factors for invasive pnuemococcal disease: a case-control study]. / Factores predictivos de enfermedad neumocócica invasora: estudio de casos y controles.

BACKGROUND: Streptococcus pneumoniae causes significant morbidity in children, but data on the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in Spain are scarce. The objectives of this study were: 1) to describe the clinical and epidemiological features of invasive pneumococcal disease in our health district and 2) to determine factors predictive of invasive pneumococcal disease in febrile children seen at a hospital Emergency Department. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Design. Observational, retrospective, case-control study, from 1 October, 1992 to 31 March, 2001. LOCATION: Community Hospital in the north of Spain. Entry criteria for cases: febrile children under 14 years of age, seen at the Emergency Department during the study period, with growth of S. pneumoniae in the blood culture. Eligibility criteria for controls: febrile children under the age of 14 years seen at the Emergency Department during the study period with no bacterial growth in the blood culture. The first eligible child seen after each case was included as a control. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: descriptive analysis of patients with invasive pneumococcal disease and univariate analysis of each variable in relation to the dependent variable (blood culture positive for S. pneumoniae); multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression techniques. RESULTS: Seventy-six cases of invasive pneumococcal disease were studied. The mean incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (cases/100,000 children/year) was 174.1 for children under 24 months of age, 38.9 for children aged 24-59 months, and 5.9 for children older than 59 months. The incidence of pneumococcal meningitis in children under 24 months of age was 14.8 cases/100,000 children/ year. The most common diagnoses were occult bacteremia (64.5 %), pneumonia (17.1 %), and meningitis (9.2 %). Mortality was 1.3 %. A total of 56.5 % of the S. pneumoniae strains showed penicillin resistance (11.8 % high-grade resistance) and 12.2 % showed cefotaxime resistance. Predictive factors for invasive pneumococcal disease were temperature greater than or equal to 39 degrees C (OR: 2.09; 95 % CI:91-4.79), generalized malaise (OR: 2.61; 95 % CI: 1.1-6.21), age between 6 and 36 months (OR: 4.06; 95 % CI: 1.79-9.21), and absolute neutrophil count (ANC) greater than or equal to 10,000 cells/mm3 (OR: 8.16; 95 % CI: 3.54-18.79). CONCLUSIONS: 1. The incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in our health district is high and is greater than that reported for other European regions. 2. In contrast, the incidence of pneumococcal meningitis is similar to that in other European countries. 3. The most frequent diagnosis was occult bacteremia. 4. In the case-control study, four variables showed significant independent association with the risk of invasive pneumococcal disease: temperature greater than or equal to 39 degrees C, general malaise, age between 6 and 36 months, and an ANC greater than or equal to 10,000 cells/mm3. The most powerful predictor of invasive pneumococcal disease in our series was ANC.

Factores predictivos de enfermedad neumocócica invasora: estudio de casos y controles / Predictive factors for invasive pneumococcal disease: a case-control study

Antecedentes: El neumococo es un importante patógeno en la infancia, pero existen pocos datos sobre la verdadera incidencia de la enfermedad neumocócica invasora (ENI) en España. Los objetivos de este estudio son: a) describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de la ENI en nuestra área sanitaria y b) determinar los factores predictivos de ENI en los niños con síndrome febril atendidos en un servicio de urgencias hospitalario. Material, métodos y diseño: estudio observacional, retrospectivo, de casos y controles, realizado entre el 1 de octubre de 1992 y el 31 de marzo de 2001. Ámbito: hospital comarcal del norte de España. Los criterios de inclusión de caso fueron ser niño menor de 14 años atendido en el servicio de urgencias en el período de estudio con crecimiento de neumococo en el hemocultivo. Los criterios de inclusión de control fueron ser niño menor de 14 años atendido en el servicio de urgencias en el período de estudio con hemocultivo sin crecimiento bacteriano; se tomó como control al niño elegible atendido inmediatamente después de cada caso. Método estadístico: estudio descriptivo de los casos; análisis univariante de cada variable en relación a la variable dependiente (hemocultivo positivo para Streptococcus pneumoniae); análisis multivariante por técnicas de regresión logística. Resultados: Se estudiaron 76 casos de ENI. La incidencia media anual de ENI (casos/100.000 niños/año) en los niños menores de 24 meses, entre 24 y 59 meses y niños mayores de 59 meses fue de 174,1; 38,9 y 5,9, respectivamente. La incidencia de meningitis neumocócica en niños menores de 24 meses fue de 14,8 casos/100.000 niños/año. Los diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron: bacteriemia oculta (64,5%), neumonía (17,1%) y meningitis (9,2%). La mortalidad fue del 1,3%. La incidencia de resistencia a penicilina fue del 56,5% (11,8%: resistencia elevada) y la de resistencia a cefotaxima en las 49 cepas estudiadas fue del 12,2%. Los factores predictivos de ENI fueron la temperatura igual o superior a 39 °C (odds ratio [OR], 2,09; intervalo de confianza al 95% [IC 95%], 0,91-4,79); la afectación del estado general (OR, 2,61; IC 95%, 1,1-6,21); la edad entre 6 y 36 meses (OR, 4,06; IC 95%, 1,79-9,21) y el recuento absoluto de neutrófilos igual o superior a 10.000/ l (OR, 8,16; IC 95%, 3,54-18,79). Conclusiones: La incidencia de ENI en nuestra área sanitaria es elevada, superior a la publicada en otras regiones europeas. La incidencia de meningitis neumocócica, en cambio, es similar a la de otros países europeos. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue bacteriemia oculta. En el estudio de casos y controles 4 variables presentaron relación significativa independiente con el riesgo de padecer ENI: la temperatura igual o superior a 39 °C, la afectación del estado general, la edad entre 6 y 36 meses y el recuento absoluto de neutrófilos igual o superior a 10.000/ l. De ellas, el recuento absoluto de neutrófilos fue el más potente predictor de ENI (AU)