Análisis descriptivo de pacientes que requirieron manejo avanzado de vía aérea en emergencias prehospitalarias: complicaciones y factores asociados al fracaso en el primer intento de intubación / Advanced airway management: a descriptive analysis of complications and factors associated with first-attempt intubation failure in prehospital emergency care

Objetivos: Analizar las características del manejo de la vía aérea (VA) en emergencias prehospitalarias, sus complicaciones y establecer factores predictores de fracaso en el primer intento de intubación orotraqueal (FIPI). Método: Estudio observacional de cohortes retrospectivo de pacientes que precisaron intubación orotraqueal por el servicio de emergencias prehospitalarias de Castilla La Mancha, desde el 01-06-2017 hasta el 01-01-2021. Se analizaron características de los pacientes, del procedimiento y sus complicaciones, se realizó una regresión logística para detectar factores predictores de FIPI. Resultados: Se incluyeron 425 pacientes, 417 (98,1%) fueron intubados con éxito y 326 (76,7%) en el primer intento. Se registraron 183 complicaciones en 94 pacientes (22,1%). Los factores predictores de FIPI fueron la edad > 55 años (OR = 1,94; IC 95% 1,10-4,23), índice de masa corporal > 30 (OR = 9,14; IC 95% 4,40-19,00); saturación de oxígeno < 90% (OR = 3,33; IC 95% 1,06-10,58); puntuación en la Glasgow Coma Scale entre 9 y 13 (OR = 1,58; IC 95% 1,28-6,9); intubación realizada en vía pública (OR = 2,99; IC 95% 1,42-6,29); posición distinta a la bipedestación (OR = 2,09; IC 95% 1,08-7,25); laringoscopia directa (OR = 2,39; IC 95% 1,20-6,55); uso de estilete (OR = 1,80; IC 95% 1,40-3,78); y clasificación Cormack-Lehane $ 2 (OR = 6,50; IC 95% 3,96-30,68). Conclusiones: El procedimiento de intubación se realizó de forma habitual en el primer intento. Existen factores asociados a FIPI que permiten individualizar el manejo de la VA. (AU)

Objectives: To analyze the characteristics of prehospital emergency airway management, including complications; to explore predictors of first-attempt failure of orotracheal intubation. Material and methods: Observational retrospective cohort study of patients requiring orotracheal intubation by the prehospital emergency services of Castile-La Mancha between June 1, 2017, and January 1, 2021. We analyzed patient and procedure characteristics and complications using logistic regression analysis to detect factors that could predict firstattempt intubation failure. Results: A total of 425 patients were included; 417 (98.1%) were intubated successfully, including 326 (76.7%) on the first attempt. Complications occurred in 183 intubations in 94 patients (22.1%). Predictors of first-attempt failure were age over 55 years (odds ratio [OR], 1.94; 95% CI, 1.10-4.23), body mass index over 30 (OR, 9.14; 95% CI, 4.40-19.00), oxygen saturation less than 90% (OR, 3.33; 95% CI, 1.06-10.58), a Glasgow Coma Score between 9 and 13 (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.28-6.9), intubation in a public place (OR, 2.99; 95% CI, 1.42-6.29), intubation done in any other than standing position (OR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.08-7.25), direct laryngoscopy (OR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.20- 6.55), use of a stylet (OR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.40-3.78), and a Cormack-Lehane classification of 2 or higher (OR, 6.50; 95% CI, 3.96-30.68). Conclusion: Orotracheal intubation is generally accomplished on the first attempt. Factors associated with first-attempt failure can facilitate tailored approaches to upper airway management. (AU)

Advanced airway management: a descriptive analysis of complications and factors associated with first-attempt intubation failure in prehospital emergency care. / Análisis descriptivo de pacientes que requirieron manejo avanzado de vía aérea en emergencias prehospitalarias: complicaciones y factores asociados al fracaso en el primer intento de intubación.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the characteristics of prehospital emergency airway management, including complications; to explore predictors of first-attempt failure of orotracheal intubation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational retrospective cohort study of patients requiring orotracheal intubation by the prehospital emergency services of Castile-La Mancha between June 1, 2017, and January 1, 2021. We analyzed patient and procedure characteristics and complications using logistic regression analysis to detect factors that could predict firstattempt intubation failure. RESULTS: A total of 425 patients were included; 417 (98.1%) were intubated successfully, including 326 (76.7%) on the first attempt. Complications occurred in 183 intubations in 94 patients (22.1%). Predictors of first-attempt failure were age over 55 years (odds ratio [OR], 1.94; 95% CI, 1.10-4.23), body mass index over 30 (OR, 9.14; 95% CI, 4.40-19.00), oxygen saturation less than 90% (OR, 3.33; 95% CI, 1.06-10.58), a Glasgow Coma Score between 9 and 13 (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.28-6.9), intubation in a public place (OR, 2.99; 95% CI, 1.42-6.29), intubation done in any other than standing position (OR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.08-7.25), direct laryngoscopy (OR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.20- 6.55), use of a stylet (OR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.40-3.78), and a Cormack-Lehane classification of 2 or higher (OR, 6.50; 95% CI, 3.96-30.68). CONCLUSION: Orotracheal intubation is generally accomplished on the first attempt. Factors associated with first-attempt failure can facilitate tailored approaches to upper airway management.

OBJETIVO: Analizar las características del manejo de la vía aérea (VA) en emergencias prehospitalarias, sus complicaciones y establecer factores predictores de fracaso en el primer intento de intubación orotraqueal (FIPI). METODO: Estudio observacional de cohortes retrospectivo de pacientes que precisaron intubación orotraqueal por el servicio de emergencias prehospitalarias de Castilla La Mancha, desde el 01-06-2017 hasta el 01-01-2021. Se analizaron características de los pacientes, del procedimiento y sus complicaciones, se realizó una regresión logística para detectar factores predictores de FIPI. RESULTADOS: . Se incluyeron 425 pacientes, 417 (98,1%) fueron intubados con éxito y 326 (76,7%) en el primer intento. Se registraron 183 complicaciones en 94 pacientes (22,1%). Los factores predictores de FIPI fueron la edad > 55 años (OR = 1,94; IC 95% 1,10-4,23), índice de masa corporal > 30 (OR = 9,14; IC 95% 4,40-19,00); saturación de oxígeno 90% (OR = 3,33; IC 95% 1,06-10,58); puntuación en la Glasgow Coma Scale entre 9 y 13 (OR = 1,58; IC 95% 1,28-6,9); intubación realizada en vía pública (OR = 2,99; IC 95% 1,42-6,29); posición distinta a la bipedestación (OR = 2,09; IC 95% 1,08-7,25); laringoscopia directa (OR = 2,39; IC 95% 1,20-6,55); uso de estilete (OR = 1,80; IC 95% 1,40-3,78); y clasificación Cormack-Lehane $ 2 (OR = 6,50; IC 95% 3,96-30,68). CONCLUSIONES: El procedimiento de intubación se realizó de forma habitual en el primer intento. Existen factores asociados a FIPI que permiten individualizar el manejo de la VA.

Acerca del papel del ácido tranexámico en pacientes con traumatismo en urgencias y emergencias / On the role of tranexamic acid in emergency department patients with trauma

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Mobile Intensive Care Unit versus Hospital walk-in patients, in the treatment of first episode ST- elevation myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of the attention given by emergency medical services teams working in mobile intensive care units (MICU) versus patients arriving at the hospital under their own means with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) event in terms of time to reperfusion (TR), mortality at 30 days and six months. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 634 consecutive patients with STEMI who underwent primary a percutaneous coronary intervention from January 1st 2015 to December 31st 2018 in a single centre. Depending on the first medical contact patients were classified into two groups, MICU versus walk-in patients. We extracted data on patients' characteristics, symptoms, treatments, times to reperfusion and mortality. RESULTS: In our study 634 patients were included, of whom 59.0% were initially attended by the MICU. Differences were seen between the two groups in time delays to the first medical contact (120.0 vs 63.0 min; p < 0.001) and TR (208.0 Vs 150.0 min; p < 0.001). Patients attended by the MICUs presented a shorter ICU and hospital stay. The lowest 30-day mortality rate was observed in MICU group: 9.0% in contrast with 4.5%, p = 0.03; remaining after 6 months. The multivariable analysis showed that the initial attention given by MICU to STEMI patients was a protective agent against mortality [OR: 0.32 (0.11-0.90); p = 0.03]. CONCLUSION: Initial attention of the patients with STEMI by doctor-on-board-MICU and available 24 h a day 7 days a week as part of a regional network (CORECAM), was associated with a decrease in the ischemia time, hospital stay and mortality of these patients in our environment.

Algo más que un simple SCASEST: patrón de De Winter / Something more than simple non-STsegment elevation acute coronary syndrome: the De Winter pattern

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Comentarios sobre el estudio SEMICA / Comments on the SEMICA study (Emergency Medical Response Systems for Patients with Acute Heart Failure)

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[Emergency treatment for traumatic cardiac arrest: prognostic factors and hospital outcome]. / Factores pronóstico y resultados intrahospitalarios de la parada cardiaca traumática atendida en un servicio de urgencias.

OBJECTIVES: To identify prehospital and on-arrival factors associated with hospital outcome in patients with traumatic cardiac arrest (TCA) discharged with recovered spontaneous circulation from the emergency department. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Multipurpose prospective cohort study of patients with TCA who recovered after treatment at a tertiary care hospital emergency department between 2003 and 2016. We gathered data on epidemiologic variables, type and cause of injuries, and prehospital and hospital emergency care. The outcome was overall hospital mortality. RESULTS: A total of 130 TCA cases were included; 123 patients (94.6%) had received blunt trauma injuries and 65 (50%) had been in traffic accidents. The mean (SD) age was 39 (16) years, and 96 (73.8%) were male. Fifty patients (65%) were in asystole and 42 (32.3%) had pulseless electrical activity. Sixteen (12.3%) survived to be discharged; 13 of the survivors (81.3%) had recovered neurological activity. Factors that were independently associated with hospital mortality were asystole on arrival of first responders (odds ratio [OR], 25; 95% CI, 2.5-247; P=.006), nonreactive pupils on arrival at the hospital (OR, 13; 95% CI, 2.0-79; P=.006), and an Injury Severity Score over 25 (OR, 13; 95% CI, 1.8-94; P=.011). CONCLUSION: Twelve percent of patients in this cohort survived to discharge after TCA and 8 out of 10 of the surviving patients recovered neurologically. Asystole at start of prehospital care, nonreactive pupils on hospital arrival, and a severity score over 25 may indicate poor prognosis after TCA.

OBJETIVO: Identificar los factores pronóstico a la llegada a urgencias y los resultados al alta hospitalaria de los pacientes en parada cardiaca traumática (PCT), documentada por un servicio de emergencias médicas (SEM), con posterior recuperación de la circulación espontánea (RCE). METODO: Estudio de cohorte multipropósito de pacientes con PCT recuperada atendidos en un servicio de urgencias (SU) de un hospital universitario de tercer nivel de 2003 a 2016. Se recogieron variables epidemiológicas, tipo y mecanismo del traumatismo, datos de la atención extrahospitalaria y del SU. La variable de resultado fue la mortalidad global intrahospitalaria. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 130 PCT, de los cuales 123 (94,6%) sufrieron un traumatismo cerrado y 65 (50%) tuvieron un accidente de tráfico. La edad media fue de 39 (DE 16) años y 96 (73,8%) fueron varones. Cincuenta pacientes (65%) presentaron asistolia y 42 (32,3%) actividad eléctrica sin pulso (AESP). Dieciséis (12,3%) sobrevivieron al alta, de los cuales 13 (81,3%) tuvieron recuperación neurológica favorable. Un ritmo de asistolia en la primera atención de extrahospitalaria (OR = 25; IC 95% 2,5-247; p = 0,006), las pupilas arreactivas a la llegada al hospital (OR = 13; IC 95% 2,0-79; p = 0,006), y una puntuación > 25 de la Injury Severity Score (ISS) (OR = 13; IC 95% 1,8-94; p = 0,011) se asociaron de forma independiente con la mortalidad intrahospitalaria. CONCLUSIONES: En nuestra serie, la supervivencia intrahospitalaria de la PCT fue un 12% siendo la recuperación neurológica favorable en ocho de cada diez vivos. El ritmo inicial en asistolia en la atención extrahospitalaria, la pupilas arreactivas a la llegada al hospital y una puntuación > 25 de ISS podrían implicar un mal pronóstico.

Factores pronóstico y resultados intrahospitalarios de la parada cardiaca traumática atendida en un servicio de urgencias / Emergency treatment for traumatic cardiac arrest: prognostic factors and hospital outcome

Objetivo: Identificar los factores pronóstico a la llegada a urgencias y los resultados al alta hospitalaria de los pacientes en parada cardiaca traumática (PCT), documentada por un servicio de emergencias médicas (SEM), con posterior recuperación de la circulación espontánea (RCE). Métodos: Estudio de cohorte multipropósito de pacientes con PCT recuperada atendidos en un servicio de urgencias (SU) de un hospital universitario de tercer nivel de 2003 a 2016. Se recogieron variables epidemiológicas, tipo y mecanismo del traumatismo, datos de la atención extrahospitalaria y del SU. La variable de resultado fue la mortalidad global intrahospitalaria. Resultados: Se incluyeron 130 PCT, de los cuales 123 (94,6%) sufrieron un traumatismo cerrado y 65 (50%) tuvieron un accidente de tráfico. La edad media fue de 39 (DE 16) años y 96 (73,8%) fueron varones. Cincuenta pacientes (65%) presentaron asistolia y 42 (32,3%) actividad eléctrica sin pulso (AESP). Dieciséis (12,3%) sobrevivieron al alta, de los cuales 13 (81,3%) tuvieron recuperación neurológica favorable. Un ritmo de asistolia en la primera atención de extrahospitalaria (OR = 25; IC 95% 2,5-247; p = 0,006), las pupilas arreactivas a la llegada al hospital (OR = 13; IC 95% 2,0-79; p = 0,006), y una puntuación > 25 de la Injury Severity Score (ISS) (OR = 13; IC 95% 1,8-94; p = 0,011) se asociaron de forma independiente con la mortalidad intrahospitalaria. Conclusión: En nuestra serie, la supervivencia intrahospitalaria de la PCT fue un 12% siendo la recuperación neurológica favorable en ocho de cada diez vivos. El ritmo inicial en asistolia en la atención extrahospitalaria, la pupilas arreactivas a la llegada al hospital y una puntuación > 25 de ISS podrían implicar un mal pronóstico (AU)

Objective: To identify prehospital and on-arrival factors associated with hospital outcome in patients with traumatic cardiac arrest (TCA) discharged with recovered spontaneous circulation from the emergency department. Material and methods: Multipurpose prospective cohort study of patients with TCA who recovered after treatment at a tertiary care hospital emergency department between 2003 and 2016. We gathered data on epidemiologic variables, type and cause of injuries, and prehospital and hospital emergency care. The outcome was overall hospital mortality. Results: A total of 130 TCA cases were included; 123 patients (94.6%) had received blunt trauma injuries and 65 (50%) had been in traffic accidents. The mean (SD) age was 39 (16) years, and 96 (73.8%) were male. Fifty patients (65%) were in asystole and 42 (32.3%) had pulseless electrical activity. Sixteen (12.3%) survived to be discharged; 13 of the survivors (81.3%) had recovered neurological activity. Factors that were independently associated with hospital mortality were asystole on arrival of first responders (odds ratio [OR], 25; 95% CI, 2.5-247; P=.006), nonreactive pupils on arrival at the hospital (OR, 13; 95% CI, 2.0-79; P=.006), and an Injury Severity Score over 25 (OR, 13; 95% CI, 1.8-94; P=.011). Conclusions: Twelve percent of patients in this cohort survived to discharge after TCA and 8 out of 10 of the surviving patients recovered neurologically. Asystole at start of prehospital care, nonreactive pupils on hospital arrival, and a severity score over 25 may indicate poor prognosis after TCA (AU)

Pronóstico a corto y largo plazo de los pacientes críticos ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos desde el Servicio de Urgencias de un hospital terciario / Short- and long-term prognosis of critically-ill patients referred to the ICU from the Emergency Department of a tertiary hospital

Antecedentes y objetivo. Un origen frecuente de los pacientes que ingresan en la UCI es el Servicio de Urgencias. Es necesario analizar el pronóstico a corto plazo de estos pacientes, pero también su evolución tras el alta hospitalaria, puesto que es una preocupación importante de los enfermos. Nuestro objetivo es describir las características epidemiológicas de los pacientes que ingresan en la UCI desde Urgencias y analizar su evolución. Pacientes y método. Estudio de cohortes observacional y prospectivo. Incluye 269 pacientes ingresados consecutivamente en la UCI desde Urgencias durante 18 meses. Los factores asociados a la mortalidad hospitalaria se presentan en odds ratio (OR) y a la mortalidad a largo plazo como hazard ratio (HR). El nivel de significación aceptado fue del 5%. La supervivencia global se analizó mediante curvas de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados. La mortalidad hospitalaria fue del 15%, las complicaciones desarrolladas en la UCI fueron las variables con mayor impacto en la misma: insuficiencia renal aguda (OR 22,7) y distrés respiratorio (OR 51,2). Tras el alta hospitalaria, la mortalidad acumulada a los 12, 24 y 36 meses fue del 6, 11 y 15%, respectivamente. El grado de dependencia funcional (HR 3,7), el cáncer (HR 3,4) y las arritmias (HR 2,4) fueron los factores relacionados con la mortalidad a largo plazo. Conclusiones. El pronóstico a corto plazo de los pacientes que ingresan en la UCI se relaciona con su edad y comorbilidad, pero sobre todo con las características de la enfermedad aguda. Sin embargo, la evolución a largo plazo está más asociada a las características del paciente (AU)

Background and objective. A frequent source of critically-ill patients admitted to the ICU is the Emergency Department. It is essential to analyse the short-term prognosis of these patients, but also their evolution after their discharge from the hospital, since this is one of the major concerns of these patients. The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiological characteristics of patients admitted to the ICU from the Emergency Department and to analyse their outcome. Patients and method. This consisted of an observational prospective cohorts study which included 269 Emergency Department patients consecutively admitted to the ICU over an 18-month period. Factors associated with hospital mortality were presented as an odds ratio (OR) and factors associated with long-term mortality were presented as a hazard ratio (HR). A P-value lower than .05 was accepted as significant. The overall survival was analysed on the basis of the Kaplan-Meier curves. Results. Hospital mortality was 15%, ICU complications where the variables with the greatest impact on short-term mortality: acute renal failure (OR 22.7) and respiratory distress syndrome (OR 51.2). After hospital discharge, the cumulative mortality at 12, 24 and 36 months was 6, 11 and 15%, respectively. The degree of functional dependence (HR 3.7), cancer (HR 3.4) and arrhythmias (HR 2.4) were factors related to long-term mortality. Conclusions. The short-term outcome of ICU patients is related to age and comorbidity, but more significantly to the characteristics of the acute illness. However, the long-term outcome is more closely associated with the patients’ characteristics (AU)

Short- and long-term prognosis of critically-ill patients referred to the ICU from the Emergency Department of a tertiary hospital. / Pronóstico a corto y largo plazo de los pacientes críticos ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos desde el Servicio de Urgencias de un hospital terciario.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: A frequent source of critically-ill patients admitted to the ICU is the Emergency Department. It is essential to analyse the short-term prognosis of these patients, but also their evolution after their discharge from the hospital, since this is one of the major concerns of these patients. The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiological characteristics of patients admitted to the ICU from the Emergency Department and to analyse their outcome. PATIENTS AND METHOD: This consisted of an observational prospective cohorts study which included 269 Emergency Department patients consecutively admitted to the ICU over an 18-month period. Factors associated with hospital mortality were presented as an odds ratio (OR) and factors associated with long-term mortality were presented as a hazard ratio (HR). A P-value lower than .05 was accepted as significant. The overall survival was analysed on the basis of the Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS: Hospital mortality was 15%, ICU complications where the variables with the greatest impact on short-term mortality: acute renal failure (OR 22.7) and respiratory distress syndrome (OR 51.2). After hospital discharge, the cumulative mortality at 12, 24 and 36 months was 6, 11 and 15%, respectively. The degree of functional dependence (HR 3.7), cancer (HR 3.4) and arrhythmias (HR 2.4) were factors related to long-term mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The short-term outcome of ICU patients is related to age and comorbidity, but more significantly to the characteristics of the acute illness. However, the long-term outcome is more closely associated with the patients' characteristics.