ABSTRACT
Introducción: Durante el año 2020, más de 284 millones de personas en el mundo se afectaron por el consumo de drogas. Estas se transportan en diferentes formas de embalaje o en el propio cuerpo y son los llamados correos humanos. Las personas que utilizan el interior del cuerpo con esos fines se describen con varios términos, entre ellos body packers o mulas de drogas. Es una práctica peligrosa, con graves consecuencias médico-legales. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de documentos indexados en las bases de datos SciELO, PubMed y Google académico. Se incluyeron los artículos a texto completo, en español, portugués e inglés, publicados desde 2018 hasta 2022, relacionados con el tema. Objetivo: Examinar las formas de enfrentar desde el punto de vista médico un problema de salud como el body packer. Desarrollo: En la actividad de body packer participan individuos de ambos sexos, de todos los grupos etarios. Las sustancias trasportadas son: cocaína, heroína, anfetaminas, marihuana, hachís y drogas sintéticas. Se portan entre 50 a 200 cápsulas con 5 a 10 kilogramos de la sustancia total. Para su evaluación son necesarios estudios imagenológicos que varían en sensibilidad y disponibilidad. Más del 80 % de los casos son asintomáticos, resuelven con estricta vigilancia y uso de polietilenglicol para la evacuación intestinal; el resto de los casos, desarrollan el síndrome de body packer, requieren tratamiento quirúrgico y apoyo con tratamiento sintomático y específico. Conclusiones: Para el body packer está prevista la realización de estudios imagenológicos, así como el tratamiento médico o quirúrgico según las formas clínicas que se presenten.
Introduction: During the year 2020, more than 284 million people in the world were affected by the consumption of drugs, which are transported in different forms of packaging or using the body itself, called human couriers; people who use the inside of their body for these purposes are described by various terms, including body packers or drug mules, a dangerous practice, with serious medical-legal consequences. A bibliographic review of documents indexed in the SciELO, PubMed and academic Google databases is carried out. Full text articles, in Spanish, Portuguese and English, published from 2018 to 2022, related to the topic were included. Objective: To examine the ways to deal with a health problem such as body packer from a medical point of view. Development: Individuals of both sexes, of all age groups, participate in the body packer activity. The transported substances are: cocaine, heroin, amphetamines, marijuana, hashish and synthetic drugs. Between 50 and 200 capsules with 5 to 10 kilograms of the total substance are carried. Imaging studies that vary in sensitivity and availability are necessary for its evaluation. More than 80% of cases are asymptomatic, resolve with strict surveillance and use of polyethylene-glycol for bowel evacuation; the rest of the cases develop body packer syndrome and require surgical treatment and support with symptomatic and specific treatment. Conclusions: For the body packer, imaging studies are planned, as well as medical or surgical treatment according to the clinical forms that occur.
ABSTRACT
Introducción: Los medicamentos pueden generar reacciones adversas que deben ser reportadas por los profesionales de salud y pacientes, para construir el verdadero perfil de seguridad de cualquier medicamento. Enfermería logra una relación privilegiada con el paciente, que facilita la identificación y reporte de estos medicamentos, ahora con limitaciones que requieren de acciones para mejorar la seguridad del paciente. Objetivo: Evaluar el proceso de notificación espontánea de las reacciones adversas a medicamentos por el personal de enfermería en Cuba. Métodos: Revisión sistemática realizada durante el 2021. Se tuvieron en cuenta publicaciones en español e inglés en las bases de datos SciELO, PubMed y Google académico, donde se identificaron artículos originales, libros, monografías, tesis y documentos legales, con énfasis en las publicadas desde 2017 a 2021. La pregunta guía se elaboró a través del acrónimo PICo. La estrategia de búsqueda se realizó mediante la aceptación de los Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud (DeCS) como "enfermería", "Efectos Colaterales y Reacciones Adversas Relacionados con Medicamentos" y "farmacovigilancia" y en inglés "nursing", "Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions", "pharmacovigilance", con los operadores booleanos AND y ORS, se utilizó el diagrama de flujo (PRISMA). El análisis de contenido permitió la interpretación de los referentes teóricos y la organización del conocimiento de la bibliografía encontrada. Conclusiones: Las notificaciones de reacciones adversas a medicamentos que realiza la enfermería cubana es pobre; a pesar de estar bien definidas sus funciones, existen limitaciones identificadas en su formación y motivación que deben ser erradicadas(AU)
ADSTRACT Introduction: Medications can produce adverse reactions that must be reported by health professionals and patients, in order to build the true safety profile of any medication. Nursing achieves a privileged relationship with the patient, which facilitates the identification and reporting about these medications, now with limitations that require actions to improve patient safety. Objective: To evaluate the spontaneous reporting process for adverse reactions to medications by nursing staffs in Cuba. Methods: A systematic review was carried out during 2021. Publications in Spanish and English were taken into account, from the SciELO, PubMed and Google Scholar databases, where original articles, books, monographs, theses and legal documents were identified, with emphasis on those published from 2017 to 2021. The guiding question was elaborated through the acronym PICO. The search strategy was performed by accepting Descriptors in Health Sciences (DeCS), both in Spanish and English, such as enfermería [nursing], Efectos Colaterales y Reacciones Adversas Relacionados con Medicamentos [Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions] and farmacovigilancia [pharmacovigilance], using the Boolean operators AND and OR, together with the PRISMA flowchart. The content analysis allowed the interpretation of the theoretical references and the organization of the knowledge from the found bibliography. Conclusions: The notifications of adverse medication reactions made by Cuban nurses are poor. Although their functions are well defined, limitations are identified as part of their training and motivation, which should be eradicated(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse ReactionsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Biological control is widely applied against soybean (Glycine max L.) soil-borne pathogens by furrow or seed treatments. The efficiency of bioproducts and timing of application by foliar sprays against soybean pathogens needs to be more fully understood. This work investigated the efficiency of foliar application with a Bacillus subtilis-based product (BBP) to protect soybean from multiple pathogens and the best moment to apply it considering its compatibility with fungicides. RESULTS: Foliar applications (from stages V6 to R4) with BBP, mancozeb (M) and systemic fungicides (S) applied against Asian rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi), BBP followed by S (BBP-S), BBP along with S (S + BBP), S along with M (S + M) or water were carried out in a soybean field for two years. The treatments S + BBP, S + M and BBP-S reduced the severity of Asian rust by 82% compared to the control. Except for M, all treatments reduced the severity of other foliar diseases by >60%. The defoliation was reduced by BBP and BBP-S, whereas the yield was 25% higher than control by using BBP, S + M, S + BBP or BBP-S. Also, the incidence of Fusarium sp. was significantly reduced on seeds from treatments BBP and BBP-S. The compatibility tests in Petri dishes demonstrated that all fungicides decreased the bacterial growth when applied along with BBP, whereas previous applications of BBP did not reduce the bacterial growth. CONCLUSIONS: The BBP protected soybean against multiple pathogens, reduced defoliation and promoted soybean yield similarly to conventional fungicides, but in general, the early application of the BBP was the most efficient protection. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Subject(s)
Bacillus , Basidiomycota , Fungicides, Industrial , Fungicides, Industrial/pharmacology , Plant Diseases/microbiology , Plant Diseases/prevention & control , Soil , Glycine max , WaterABSTRACT
RESUMEN Introducción: El uso adecuado de medicamentos elimina o controla numerosas enfermedades, contribuye al bienestar de la población y al incremento de la esperanza de vida; pero también puede generar reacciones adversas, las cuales deben ser reportadas para identificar nuevos riegos y construir el verdadero perfil de seguridad de cualquier medicamento. Se realiza una revisión de artículos publicados en las bases de datos LILACS, PAHO, SciELO, EMBASE, PubMed e Infomed, relacionados con el tema. Objetivos: Analizar el proceso de notificación espontánea de las reacciones adversas a medicamentos en Cuba. Desarrollo: El Centro de Monitoreo Internacional de Medicamentos, analiza los patrones de presuntos daños que causan en todo el mundo, a partir de los informes enviados por los países miembros, entre ellos Cuba, que a través de la Unidad Coordinadora Nacional de Farmacovigilancia, armoniza la actividad a nivel nacional. Este proceso tiene como piedra angular a la persona que reporta, ya sea profesional sanitario o paciente y es la notificación espontánea la forma más frecuente, pero que puede encontrar limitantes en su desarrollo, sobre las que se debe accionar, para adquirir los conocimientos y habilidades necesarias en la búsqueda, diagnóstico, reporte, tratamiento, la concientización de su necesidad y motivación. Conclusiones: El sistema cubano de farmacovigilancia tiene normalizadas sus acciones y métodos de trabajo, la notificación espontanea de reacciones adversas a medicamentos es su fuente de información más importante. Están identificadas sus limitaciones y la manera de erradicarlas de manera sistemática.
ABSTRACT Introduction: The proper use of medications eliminates or controls numerous diseases, contributes to the well-being of the population and increases life expectancy; but it can also generate adverse reactions, which must be reported to identify new risks and build the true safety profile of any drug. A review of articles published in the databases LILACS, PAHO, SciELO, EMBASE, PubMed and Infomed, related to the subject is carried out. Objectives: To analyze the spontaneous notification process of adverse drug reactions in Cuba. Development: The Center for International Drug Monitoring, analyzes the patterns of alleged damage they cause throughout the world, based on reports sent by member countries, including Cuba, which, through the National Coordinating Unit of Pharmacovigilance, harmonizes activity at the national level. This process has as its cornerstone the person who reports, whether he is a healthcare professional or a patient, and spontaneous notification is the most frequent way, but which may find limitations in its development, on which it must be acted upon, to acquire knowledge and skills. necessary in the search, diagnosis, report, treatment, awareness of their need and motivation. Conclusions: The Cuban pharmacovigilance system has standardized its actions and working methods, spontaneous notification of adverse drug reactions is its most important source of information. Its limitations and the way to systematically eradicate them have been identified.
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Introducción: Muchas plantas poseen efectos perjudiciales para la salud, no siempre del dominio público; dentro de estas se encuentra el jagüey blanco, que posee compuestos capaces de producir dermatitis de contacto. Objetivos: Presentar un caso clínico ocasionado por la exposición a los componentes del jagüey blanco. Caso clínico: Niño de 8 años, saludable, que acudió al médico con dolor intenso, quemante, en las manos, asociado a prurito. Al examen físico de la piel de ambas manos, en las palmas, presentaba eritema, en sus dorsos y espacios interdigitales el eritema era más intenso con incremento de la temperatura; se le adicionaron ampollas, la mayor alcanzó prácticamente todo el dorso de la mano derecha, las demás entre uno y tres centímetros de diámetro. Al interrogatorio, se conoció que se había expuesto a la savia que desprendían los frutos del árbol jagüey blanco. Se le aplicó limpieza del área afectada, cura local, vendaje, nitrofurazona en crema, analgésico y antihistamínico. Presentó una evolución satisfactoria; a los 10 días de iniciado el cuadro, ya estaba en fase de recuperación. Conclusiones: Este paciente presentó una dermatitis de contacto de tipo irritativa, como quemadura, al ponerse en contacto con componentes del jagüey blanco, que requirió de tratamiento médico, con el cual se logró una evolución satisfactoria.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Many plants have harmful effects on health, not always in the public domain, within these is the shortleaf fig, which has compounds capable of producing contact dermatitis. Objectives: Present a clinical case caused by exposure to the components of Shortleaf fig. Clinical case: 8-year-old boy, healthy, who came to the doctor with intense, burning pain in the hands, associated with itching. On physical examination of the skin of both hands, on the palms, he presented erythema, and on his backs and interdigital spaces the erythema was more intense with an increase in temperature, where blisters were added, the largest reached practically the entire back of the right hand, and others between one and three centimeters. Upon interrogation, it was discovered that he had been exposed to the sap that the fruits of the shortleaf fig tree. Cleaning of the affected area, local cure, bandage, nitrofurazone cream, analgesic and antihistamine were applied; presented a satisfactory evolution, 10 days after the beginning of the picture he was already in recovery phase. Conclusions: This patient presented irritative contact dermatitis, as a burn, when coming into contact with components present in the shortleaf fig, which required medical treatment with which a satisfactory evolution was achieved.
ABSTRACT
Introducción: A lo largo de la historia, la relación entre el médico y el paciente ha sufrido muchos cambios. Actualmente, el profesional de salud debe proponer el plan médico, con sus riesgos y beneficios, y solicitar autorización para atender urgencias y contingencias que se deriven, para que el paciente los acepte o rechace. Para garantizarlo, se hizo necesario el surgimiento del consentimiento informado, proceso y documento trascendente en la relación médico-paciente. En las actuales circunstancias en que vive la humanidad, impuestas por la pandemia de la COVID-19, este no puede verse relegado. Objetivos: Actualizar para las condiciones de pandemia, el consentimiento informado en sus esferas, médica, legal y bioética. Desarrollo: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en las bases de datos Ebsco, Pubmed y SciELO, en idioma español e inglés. Se utilizaron los descriptores consentimiento informado junto con COVID-19. Se analiza el consentimiento informado como requerimiento legal y ético en la relación médico paciente en las situaciones habituales y durante la actual pandemia. Conclusiones: El consentimiento informado es un requisito legal y ético en la relación médico - paciente en cualquier circunstancia e incluye las difíciles condiciones de la pandemia por la COVID-19(AU)
Introduction: Throughout history, the relationship between the doctor and the patient has undergone many changes. Currently, the health professional must propose the medical plan, with its risks and benefits, request authorization to attend emergencies and contingencies that arise, so that the patient accepts or rejects them. To guarantee this, the emergence of informed consent, a transcendent process and document in the doctor-patient relationship was necessary and in the current circumstances in which humanity lives, imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, it cannot be relegated. Objectives: Update for pandemic conditions, informed consent in its spheres, medical, legal and bioethical. Development: A bibliographic review was carried out in the Ebsco, Pubmed and SciELO databases, in Spanish and English. The descriptor informed consent was used together with COVID-19. Informed consent is analyzed as a legal and ethical requirement in the doctor-patient relationship in usual situations and during the current pandemic. Conclusions: Informed consent is a legal and ethical requirement in the doctor-patient relationship in any circumstance and including the difficult conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Physician-Patient Relations , Bioethics , Pandemics , Informed Consent/ethics , Risk AssessmentABSTRACT
RESUMEN Introducción: La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica constituye un problema de salud en Cuba y el mundo; su pronóstico está en relación con varios factores. Objetivo: Caracterizar a una serie de pacientes hospitalizados con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, según edad, sexo, fenotipo, hábito de fumar y enfermedades comórbidas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal que incluyó a los 296 pacientes que ingresaron en el Servicio de Medicina Interna del Hospital Militar Central "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" con el diagnóstico de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, en el período de dos años. Se determinaron las enfermedades comórbidas, el fenotipo dado por la forma clínica de presentación de los pacientes (A, B, C y D); la edad, sexo, hábito de fumar, tiempo y cantidad que fuma. Se utilizó el índice de comorbilidad de Charlson, para valorar la comorbilidad asociada en la enfermedad. Resultados: El 54 % de los pacientes fueron masculinos, el 96,9 % mayor de 50 años, el 36,1 % del fenotipo C y el 76,6 % fumadores. La hipertensión arterial fue más frecuente en los fenotipos B, C y D, en más del 70 %, la diabetes mellitus en el 73,7 % del fenotipo B y la cardiopatía isquémica en el 61,7 % del fenotipo D. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes estudiados fueron masculinos, mayores de 50 años, fumadores por más de 10 años y del fenotipo C. Las enfermedades comórbidas más frecuentes fueron la hipertensión arterial, la diabetes mellitus y la cardiopatía isquémica.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease constitutes a health problem in Cuba and the world, its prognosis is related to several factors. Objective: To characterize a series of hospitalized patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, according to age, sex, phenotype, smoking habit and comorbid diseases. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out that included the 296 patients who were admitted to the Internal Medicine Service of the Central Military Hospital Dr. Carlos J. Finlay with the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the period of two years. Comorbid diseases were determined, the phenotype given by the clinical presentation of the patients (A, B, C and D); age, sex, smoking habit, time and amount of smoking. The Charlson comorbidity index was used to assess the associated comorbidity in COPD. Results: 54% of the patients were male, 96,9% older than 50 years, 36,1% phenotype C, and 76,6% smokers. Hypertension was more frequent in phenotypes B, C and D, in more than 70%, diabetes mellitus in 73,7% of phenotype B, and ischemic heart disease in 61,7% of phenotype D. Conclusions: Most of the patients studied were male, older than 50 years, smokers for more than 10 years and phenotype C. The most frequent comorbid diseases were arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and ischemic heart disease.
Subject(s)
Humans , Myocardial Ischemia , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive , Diabetes Mellitus , Hospitals, Military , Internal Medicine , Comorbidity , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
Introducción: Las intoxicaciones por plantas son infrecuentes, de complicada orientación diagnóstica, que en general, se dificulta la identificación de la planta, su potencial tóxico y el tratamiento específico. Entre ellas la adelfa, capaz de producir cuadros de intoxicación grave, como un caso consultado a la guardia del Centro Nacional de Toxicología. Objetivos: Presentar un caso clínico de intoxicación grave por adelfa. Caso clínico: Paciente adulto, con intranquilidad, vómitos, dolores abdominales, tensión arterial 150/90 mmHg, frecuencia cardiaca y respiratoria normales, refirió que había consumido vía oral y rectal una poción elaborada con una planta, como tratamiento antiparasitario. El médico de guardia decidió comunicarse con el Centro Nacional de Toxicología. Se identificó la planta como adelfa. A pesar de la aplicación de reposición de volumen, lavado gástrico y la administración de carbón activado; presentó bloqueo auriculoventricular, extrasístoles aisladas y bradicardia. Se suministró atropina endovenosa, luego se trasladó hacia la unidad de cuidados intensivos y posteriormente egresó. Conclusiones: El caso presentó una intoxicación aguda grave por adelfa, con un correcto diagnóstico y tratamiento, que requirió de la labor conjunta de los médicos del cuerpo de guardia del hospital, la terapia intensiva y del Centro Nacional de Toxicología(AU)
Introduction: Poisoning by plants is infrequent, with a complicated diagnostic orientation, which in general makes it difficult to identify the plant, its toxic potential and specific treatment. Among them the oleander, capable of producing serious intoxication, as a case consulted to the National Toxicology Center. Objectives: To present a clinical case of severe oleander poisoning. Clinical case: Adult patient with restlessness, vomiting, abdominal pain, blood pressure 150/90 mmHg, normal heart and respiratory rates, and reported that he had consumed orally and rectally a potion made with a plant, as an antiparasitic treatment. The doctor who assisted him decided to communicate with the National Toxicology Center. The plant was identified as oleander. Despite the application of volume replacement, gastric lavage and the administration of activated charcoal; the patient presented atrioventricular block, isolated extrasystoles and bradycardia, intravenous atropine was administered, and subsequent transfer to the intensive care unit, and later he was discharged. Conclusions: The case presented a severe acute oleander poisoning, there was correct diagnosis and treatment, which required the joint work of the doctors from hospital emergency, the intensive care unit and the National Toxicology Center(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Psychomotor Agitation , Toxicology , Blood Pressure , Critical Care , Cardiac Complexes, Premature , Atrioventricular Block , Antiparasitic AgentsABSTRACT
Introducción: La prevalencia de diabetes aumenta paulatinamente a nivel mundial y con ello, se incrementa el riesgo de complicaciones microvasculares como la retinopatía diabética. El riesgo de ceguera se reduce con control metabólico estable, diagnóstico temprano y tratamiento adecuado. Objetivo: Comparar el resultado del examen oftalmológico realizado antes de iniciar el tratamiento con Heberprot-P, con el realizado a los cinco meses de iniciado, a diferentes dosis. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo, en 77 pacientes incluidos en cuatro ensayos clínicos de Heberprot-P. Se realizó análisis de las variables examen oftalmológico antes y después del tratamiento, tipo de diabetes y años de evolución. Resultados: Se observó predominio de los diabéticos tipo 2 respecto a los tipo 1 en una razón 11:1, con una media de 16,3 años de evolución de la diabetes. La mitad de los pacientes tenían retinopatía diabética no proliferativa, con predominio de la forma leve, en el examen realizado antes del tratamiento con Heberprot-P. Solo un paciente anciano con otras comorbilidades, desarrolló una retinopatía diabética proliferativa, luego de un examen previo en que se observó retinopatía diabética no proliferativa y edema macular diabético. Conclusiones: La aparición o progresión de retinopatía diabética es infrecuente en pacientes complicados con úlcera del pie diabético tratados con Heberprot-P, hasta cinco meses después de tratamiento(AU)
Introduction: The prevalence of diabetes gradually increases worldwide and with it, the risk of microvascular complications such as diabetic retinopathy. The risk of blindness is reduced with stable metabolic control, early diagnosis and adequate treatment. Objective: To compare the result of the ophthalmological examination performed before starting treatment with Heberprot-P, with that performed five months after initiation, at different doses. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted in 77 patients included in four clinical trials of Heberprot-P. Analysis of the ophthalmological examination variables before and after treatment, type of diabetes and years of evolution were performed. Results: Prevalence of type 2 diabetics was observed with respect to type 1 in an 11: 1 ratio, with an average of 16.3 years of diabetes evolution. Half of the patients had nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, predominantly of the mild form, in the examination performed before treatment with Heberprot-P. Only one elderly patient with other comorbidities developed a proliferative diabetic retinopathy, after a previous examination in which non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema were observed. Conclusions: The appearance or progression of diabetic retinopathy is uncommon in complicated patients with diabetic foot ulcer treated with Heberprot-P, up to five months after treatment(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Blindness , Prevalence , Foot Ulcer , Early Diagnosis , Diabetic RetinopathyABSTRACT
La Insuficiencia Suprarrenal es un cuadro grave que presenta numerosas manifestaciones clínicas secundarias a la depresión de la producción hormonal de dicha glándula. Las causas son varias e incluso depende de las regiones y épocas. En América Latina se debe considerar al Paracoccidioides como probable causa. Presentamos el caso de un hombre campesino, ingresado al Hospital por Insuficiencia Suprarrenal, con dificultad respiratoria y lesiones ulcerosas en piernas debidas a paracoccidioidomicosis, que también fue la causa del trastorno respiratorio y posiblemente suprarrenal.
Adrenal insufficiency is a serious condition that presents numerous clinical manifestations secondary to the depression of the hormonal production of said gland. The causes are several and even depends on the regions and times. In Latin America, Paracoccidioides must be considered as a probable cause. We present the case of a peasant man, admitted to the Hospital for Adrenal Insufficiency, with respiratory distress and ulcerous leg injuries due to paracoccidioidomycosis, which was also the cause of the respiratory and possibly adrenal disorder.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Delivery of therapeutic agents as erythropoietin (EPO) into Central Nervous System through intranasal route could benefit patients with neurological disorders. A new nasal formulation containing a non-hematopoietic recombinant EPO (NeuroEPO) has shown neuroprotective actions in preclinical models. In the current study, the safety of NeuroEPO was evaluated for the first time in humans. METHODS: A phase I, randomized, parallel, open-label study was carried out in healthy volunteers. They received, intranasally, 1 mg of NeuroEPO every 8 h during 4 days (Group A) or 0.5 mg of NeuroEPO (Group B) with the same schedule. The working hypothesis was that intranasal NeuroEPO produce <10% of severe adverse reactions in the evaluated groups. Therefore, a rigorous assessment of possible adverse events was carried out, which included tolerance of the nasal mucosa and the effect on hematopoietic activity. Clinical safety evaluation was daily during treatment and laboratory tests were done before and on days 5 and 14 after starting treatment. RESULTS: Twenty-five volunteers, 56% women, with a mean age of 27 yrs. were included. Twelve of them received the highest NeuroEPO dose. Twenty types of adverse events occurred, with headache (20%) and increase of hepatic enzymes (20%) as the most reported ones. Nasopharyngeal itching was the most common local event but only observed in four patients (16%), all of them from the lowest dose group. About half of the events were very probably or probably caused by the studied product. Most of the events were mild (95.5%), did not require treatment (88.6%) and were completely resolved (81.8%). No severe adverse events were reported. During the study the hematopoietic variables were kept within reference values. CONCLUSIONS: NeuroEPO was a safe product, well tolerated at the nasal mucosa level and did not stimulate erythropoiesis in healthy volunteers. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Cuban Public Registry of Clinical Trials RPCEC00000157 , June 10, 2013.