ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. are protozoans that cause American trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis, respectively. In endemic foci where both diseases coincide, coinfection can occur. The objective of this work was the characterization of the parasites involved in coinfection in several endemic areas of Venezuela. METHODS: Molecular characterization was done in 30 samples of several species of mammals (Didelphis marsupialis, Equus mulus, Rattus rattus, Canis familiaris, Felis catus, and Sciurus granatensis) from the states of Anzoategui, Cojedes and Capital District diagnosed with T. cruzi and Leishmania spp. coinfections. For the typing of T. cruzi DTUs, the markers of miniexon, 24Sa rDNA, 18Sa rDNA, and hsp60-PCR-RFLP (EcoRV) were used. Infection by Leishmania spp. was characterized by miniexon multiplex PCR for complexes of Leishmania and ITS1-PCR-RFLP (HaeIII, HhaI, and RsaI) for the identification of the species. RESULTS: The T. cruzi TcI was present in 100% of the coinfected mammals, which included 76.7% of triple infection by T. cruzi TcI-complex-L. (L) mexicana-L. infantum/chagasi, 13.3% of double infection by T. cruzi TcI-L. mexicana and 10% of double infection by T. cruzi Tcl-L. infantum/chagasi. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the double or triple infection is a phenomenon existing in almost all the coendemics areas and mammals studied, which might influence the mechanisms of adaptation and pathogenicity of these parasites.
Subject(s)
Chagas Disease/veterinary , Coinfection/epidemiology , Leishmania/genetics , Leishmaniasis/veterinary , Mammals/parasitology , Trypanosoma cruzi/genetics , Animals , Animals, Wild/parasitology , Chagas Disease/epidemiology , Coinfection/parasitology , DNA, Protozoan/genetics , Disease Reservoirs/parasitology , Endemic Diseases , Leishmaniasis/epidemiology , Venezuela/epidemiologyABSTRACT
RESUMEN Chlamydia psittaci (Cp) es una bacteria intracelular obligada transmitida a través de aerosoles derivados de secreciones nasales y ópticas, tejidos, heces y plumas. Comúnmente es identificada en aves, sin embargo, han emergido genotipos capaces de infectar nuevos reservorios mamíferos. Por ello, se buscó ADN de Cp en muestras de cinco individuos de Mustella putorios furo y un hisopado cloacal de un individuo de Colinus cristatus en cautiverio en Venezuela a través de la PCR-anidada, amplificando un segmento del gen 16S ADNr. Se demostró la presencia de Cp en un Colinus cristatus con signos de clamidiosis y en cuatro Mustella putorios furo sin signos clínicos de clamidiosis. Se indica un posible nuevo reservorio para Cp, donde el contacto con productos de excreción de Colinus cristatus con manifestaciones clínicas de clamidiosis, hacinamiento, inadecuada ventilación, contacto con productos de excreción de Psittaciformes y condiciones sanitarias deficientes favoreció la infección por Cp. Se desconoce el total de reservorios de Cp, por ello la notificación de los aislados permite el entendimiento, distribución y diversidad de agentes clamidiales en fauna silvestre y en cautiverio.
ABSTRACT Chlamydia psittaci (Cp) is an obligate intracellular bacterium, transmitted through aerosols from nasal and optic secretions, tissues, feces, and feathers. Although commonly identified in birds, genotypes have emerged that can infect new mammalian reservoirs. Therefore, of rectal swabs samples of five Mustella putorios furo individuals and a cloacal swab sample of Colinus cristatus in captivity, in Venezuela, were tested for Cp, using the nested PCR amplifying a segment of the 16S rDNA gene. The presence of Cp was found in four asymptomatic Mustela putorios furo and one symptomatic Colinus cristatus for avian chlamydiosis, indicating a new potential reservoir for Cp. The contact with excretions of infected Colinus cristatus and Psittaciformes, as well as overcrowding, inadequate ventilation, and inadequate sanitary conditions can favor Cp infection. The total number of Cp reservoirs is unknown; therefore, the noting and molecular characterization of isolates enable the understanding, distribution, and diversity of chlamydial agents in wildlife and animals in captivity.
