Potential Applications of Mitochondrial Therapy with a Focus on Parkinson's Disease and Mitochondrial Transplantation.

Purpose: Both aging and neurodegenerative illnesses are thought to be influenced by mitochondrial malfunction and free radical formation. Deformities of the energy metabolism, mitochondrial genome polymorphisms, nuclear DNA genetic abnormalities associated with mitochondria, modifications of mitochondrial fusion or fission, variations in shape and size, variations in transit, modified mobility of mitochondria, transcription defects, and the emergence of misfolded proteins associated with mitochondria are all linked to Parkinson's disease. Methods: This review is a condensed compilation of data from research that has been published between the years of 2014 and 2022, using search engines like Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. Results: Mitochondrial transplantation is a one-of-a-kind treatment for mitochondrial diseases and deficits in mitochondrial biogenesis. The replacement of malfunctioning mitochondria with transplanted viable mitochondria using innovative methodologies has shown promising outcomes as a cure for Parkinson's, involving tissue sparing coupled with enhanced energy generation and lower oxidative damage. Numerous mitochondria-targeted therapies, including mitochondrial gene therapy, redox therapy, and others, have been investigated for their effectiveness and potency. Conclusion: The development of innovative therapeutics for mitochondria-directed treatments in Parkinson's disease may be aided by optimizing mitochondrial dynamics. Many neurological diseases have been studied in animal and cellular models, and it has been found that mitochondrial maintenance can slow the death of neuronal cells. It has been hypothesized that drug therapies for neurodegenerative diseases that focus on mitochondrial dysfunction will help to delay the onset of neuronal dysfunction.

An Insight into the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Along with the Novel Potential Therapeutic Approaches.

BACKGROUND: The existence of aberrant myocardial activity and function in the exclusion of those other cardiovascular events, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and severe valve disease, is known as diabetic cardiomyopathy. Diabetes patients are much more prone to death from cardiovascular illnesses than from any other cause, and they also have a 2-5 fold higher likelihood of acquiring cardiac failure and other complications. OBJECTIVE: In this review, the pathophysiology of diabetic cardiomyopathy is discussed, with an emphasis on the molecular and cellular irregularities that arise as the condition progresses, as well as existing and prospective future treatments. METHOD: The literature for this topic was researched utilizing Google Scholar as a search engine. Before compiling the review article, several research and review publications from various publishers, including Bentham Science, Nature, Frontiers, and Elsevier, were investigated. RESULT: The abnormal cardiac remodelling, marked by left ventricular concentric thickening and interstitial fibrosis contributing to diastolic impairment, is mediated by hyperglycemia, and insulin sensitivity. The pathophysiology of diabetic cardiomyopathy has been linked to altered biochemical parameters, decreased calcium regulation and energy production, enhanced oxidative damage and inflammation, and a build-up of advanced glycation end products. CONCLUSION: Antihyperglycemic medications are essential for managing diabetes because they successfully lower microvascular problems. GLP-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors have now been proven to benefit heart health by having a direct impact on the cardiomyocyte. To cure and avoid diabetic cardiomyopathy new medicines are being researched, including miRNA and stem cell therapies.

Role of Nutraceuticals and Physical Activity in Parkinson's Disease Risk and Lifestyle Management.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease is a complicated, gradually progressive neurological illness characterized by locomotor and non-motor symptomatology that impedes daily activities. Despite significant advances in symptomatic therapies with various extents of negative effects, there are currently no disease-modifying medicinal alternatives. Symptoms worsen, creating an additional strain that reduces living quality and creates the perception that prescription drugs are no longer productive. OBJECTIVE: Adopting healthy lifestyle habits can help patients feel more empowered, promote wellness, relieve symptoms, and potentially slow neurodegeneration. Nutrition, intellectual stimulation, physical exercise, and stress reduction are all examples of lifestyle habits that improve cognitive health and life satisfaction. We discuss how changes in lifestyle, nutrition, yoga, exercise, and acupuncture can help with managing the disease's symptoms. METHODS: We searched Google Scholar for various research papers and review articles from publishers, such as Bentham Science, Elsevier, Taylor and Francis, Springer Nature, and others for gathering the data for the study. RESULTS: Pesticide exposure, environmental hazards, dietary choices, stress, and anxiety all have an indirect or immediate influence on the commencement of Parkinson's disease. Naturopathic remedies, such as nutraceuticals, yoga, exercise, and acupuncture, have been shown to help with Parkinson's disease management. CONCLUSION: Various preclinical and clinical studies have shown that the various factors mentioned are beneficial in the management of the disease, but more research is needed to validate the extent to which such factors are beneficial.

Treatment of Parkinson's Disease: Current Treatments and Recent Therapeutic Developments.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative syndrome defined by a variety of motor, cognitive, and psychomotor dysfunctions. The current pharmaceutical treatment focuses on treating the condition's symptoms. They are primarily concerned with reducing illness symptoms or avoiding dopamine metabolism. As our understanding of disease pathogenesis improves, new therapeutic approaches emerge. OBJECTIVE: This article aims to describe the standard Parkinson's medications based on symptoms and requirements. It emphasizes recent advancements in symptomatic therapy for motor indications and achievements in the research and clinical testing of medicines that promise to enable disease modification in patients with already-manifest PD. METHODS: Information for this paper was found by looking through Google Scholar and reading several research and review articles from Bentham Science, Science Direct, Elsevier, Frontiers, Taylor & Francis, and other publishers. RESULT: Parkinson's disease therapeutic interventions are now limited to symptomatic therapy, mostly in dopaminergic medications and deep brain stimulation (DBS). They have the potential to deliver great therapeutic progress, yet they can also have serious drawbacks that decrease a patient's quality of life. The progress of pluripotent stem cell therapies and genome engineering procedures has sparked renewed hope for the treatment of a wide range of human illnesses, particularly genetic abnormalities. CONCLUSION: The current Parkinson's therapy trends are successful and continually evolving, with several drugs currently undergoing clinical trials. As these new therapies constantly coming out and can be used together, they will likely change how Parkinson's disease is treated in the coming years.

A Systematic review of various in-vivo screening models as well as the mechanisms involved in Parkinson's disease screening procedures.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurological ailment. It is also known that it affects practically all other brain components, although only gradually. Animal models are mostly used to test the efficacy of treatment against a specific enzyme and to aid in the creation of a new drug dose. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this review paper is to highlight in vivo Parkinson's disease screening approaches, as well as the mechanism of action of each drug involved in Parkinson's disease development, and discuss the limitations of each model. In addition, also sheds light on Parkinson's disease genetic models. METHOD: The data for the publication was gathered from databases such as PubMed, Bentham Science, Elsevier, Springer Nature, Wiley, and Research Gate after a thorough examination of diverse research findings linked to Parkinson's disease and its screening models. RESULT: Each chemical or drug has a unique mechanism for causing disease, whether it's through the production of reactive oxygen species or the blockage of the dopamine receptor. Almost every symptom of the disease, whether physical or behavioral, is covered by each of the constructed models' unique set of indicators and symptoms. CONCLUSION: Animal models are typically used to assess a medicine's activity against a specific enzyme and to aid in the creation of a new drug dose. The process, restrictions, and mechanisms interfering with the screening, as well as the level of animal suffering, must all be thoroughly reviewed before any model for screening for Parkinson's disease can be implemented.