ABSTRACT
The stomach bacterium Helicobacter pylori is one of the most prevalent human pathogens. It has dispersed globally with its human host, resulting in a distinct phylogeographic pattern that can be used to reconstruct both recent and ancient human migrations. The extant European population of H. pylori is known to be a hybrid between Asian and African bacteria, but there exist different hypotheses about when and where the hybridization took place, reflecting the complex demographic history of Europeans. Here, we present a 5300-year-old H. pylori genome from a European Copper Age glacier mummy. The "Iceman" H. pylori is a nearly pure representative of the bacterial population of Asian origin that existed in Europe before hybridization, suggesting that the African population arrived in Europe within the past few thousand years.
Subject(s)
Genome, Bacterial/genetics , Helicobacter Infections/microbiology , Helicobacter pylori/genetics , Hybridization, Genetic , Stomach/microbiology , Asia , Chromosome Mapping , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification , Europe , Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification , Human Migration , Humans , Ice Cover/microbiology , Mummies/microbiology , Phylogeny , Phylogeography , Sequence Analysis, DNAABSTRACT
The Tyrolean Iceman, a 5,300-year-old Copper age individual, was discovered in 1991 on the Tisenjoch Pass in the Italian part of the Ötztal Alps. Here we report the complete genome sequence of the Iceman and show 100% concordance between the previously reported mitochondrial genome sequence and the consensus sequence generated from our genomic data. We present indications for recent common ancestry between the Iceman and present-day inhabitants of the Tyrrhenian Sea, that the Iceman probably had brown eyes, belonged to blood group O and was lactose intolerant. His genetic predisposition shows an increased risk for coronary heart disease and may have contributed to the development of previously reported vascular calcifications. Sequences corresponding to ~60% of the genome of Borrelia burgdorferi are indicative of the earliest human case of infection with the pathogen for Lyme borreliosis.
Subject(s)
Genome, Human , Genome, Mitochondrial , Mummies , Base Sequence , Borrelia burgdorferi/genetics , Chromosome Mapping , DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , History, Ancient , Humans , Lyme Disease/history , Mitochondria/genetics , Mummies/microbiology , Paleontology , Phenotype , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Vascular CalcificationABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether human papilloma virus (HPV) testing at LLETZ for CIN can be useful to identify patients with high risk of recurrent disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 62 women treated with LLETZ for CIN the status of the resection margins was recorded and related to the HPV status as assessed with Hybrid Capture II immediately after surgery. A control typing was repeated 3-9 months later. In all cases, a ThinPrep thinlayer cytology was further performed. RESULTS: In 19 of the 62 surgical specimens (30.6%) the resection margin was positive for dysplasia or dysplastic epithelium was close (< 0.5 mm) to the margin (RM+), while in 43 cases (69.4%) the margins were negative (RM-). At surgery, 21 out of 62 cases (33.9%) were HPV+ (47.4% RM+, 27.9% RM-) and 13 turned HPV- at the control typing. From the 41 out of 62 (66.1%) initially HPV-cases, 12 turned into HPV+. Cytological follow-up was abnormal (ASC+) in 65% HPV+ cases, whereas all HPV- were WNL. CONCLUSION: Post-operative HPV testing with HC-II is well-suited to detecting women with residual HPV infection, even in cases with negative surgical margins. Furthermore, HPV testing at surgery could replace endocervical curettage and help in distinguishing true residual disease from reinfections.
