ABSTRACT
Huntington's disease (HD) is a severe autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a combination of motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms, atrophy of the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortex, and inevitably progressive course resulting in death 5-20 years after manifestation of its symptoms. HD is caused by expansion of CAG repeats in the HTT gene, which leads to pathological elongation of the polyglutamine tract within the respective protein - huntingtin. In this review, we present a modern view on molecular biology of HD as a representative of the group of polyglutamine diseases, with an emphasis on conformational changes of mutant huntingtin, disturbances in its cellular processing, and proteolytic stress in degenerating neurons. Main pathogenetic mechanisms of neurodegeneration in HD are discussed in detail, such as systemic failure of transcription, mitochondrial dysfunction and suppression of energy metabolism, abnormalities of cytoskeleton and axonal transport, microglial inflammation, decrease in synthesis of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, etc.
Subject(s)
Huntingtin Protein/genetics , Huntington Disease/pathology , Axonal Transport/physiology , CREB-Binding Protein/metabolism , Cytoskeleton/metabolism , Energy Metabolism/physiology , Humans , Huntingtin Protein/metabolism , Huntington Disease/metabolism , Mitochondria/metabolism , Peptides/metabolism , Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha/metabolismABSTRACT
Store-operated channels activated in response to intracellular calcium store depletion represent the main pathway of calcium entry from the extracellular space in nonelectroexcitable cells. Adapter proteins organize the components of this system into integral complex. We studied the influence of adapter proteins of the Homer family on endogenous store-operated calcium Imin channels in A431 cells. Monomeric Homer 1a proteins increase activity of Imin channels, but did not modulate their electrophysiological properties. Recombinant Homer 1c protein did not block the induced calcium currents.
Subject(s)
Calcium Channels/metabolism , Calcium/metabolism , Homer Scaffolding Proteins/physiology , Action Potentials/drug effects , Calcium Channel Agonists/metabolism , Calcium Channel Agonists/pharmacology , Calcium Channels/drug effects , Calcium Channels/physiology , Calcium Signaling/drug effects , Cytoplasm/metabolism , Electrophysiological Phenomena/drug effects , Homer Scaffolding Proteins/pharmacology , Humans , Ion Channel Gating/drug effects , Patch-Clamp Techniques , Protein Multimerization/physiology , Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology , Tumor Cells, CulturedABSTRACT
Huntington's disease (HD) is a severe inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor dysfunction, cognitive decline, and mental impairment. At the molecular level, HD is caused by a mutation in the first exon of the gene encoding the huntingtin protein. The mutation results in an expanded polyglutamine tract at the N-terminus of the huntingtin protein, causing the neurodegenerative pathology. Calcium dyshomeostasis is believed to be one of the main causes of the disease, which underlies the great interest in the problem among experts in molecular physiology. Recent studies have focused on the development of animal and insect HD models, as well as patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (HD-iPSCs), to simulate the disease's progression. Despite a sesquicentennial history of HD studies, the issues of diagnosis and manifestation of the disease have remained topical. The present review addresses these issues.
ABSTRACT
An important role in intracellular calcium signaling is played by store-operated channels activated by STIM proteins, calcium sensors of the endoplasmic reticulum. In stable STIM1 knockdown HEK S4 cells, single channels activated by depletion of intracellular calcium stores were detected by cell-attached patch-clamp technique and their electrophysiological parameters were described. Comparison of the properties of single channels in HEK293 and HEK S4 cells revealed no significant differences in their current-voltage curves, while regulation of store-operated calcium channels in these cell lines depended on the level of STIM1 expression. We can conclude that electrophysiological peculiarities of store-regulated calcium entry observed in different cells can be explained by differences in STIM1 expression.
Subject(s)
Calcium Channels/genetics , Calcium/metabolism , Endoplasmic Reticulum/physiology , Neoplasm Proteins/genetics , Stromal Interaction Molecule 1/genetics , Calcium Channels/metabolism , Calcium Signaling , Clone Cells , Endoplasmic Reticulum/drug effects , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Gene Expression Regulation , HEK293 Cells , Humans , Ion Transport/drug effects , Membrane Potentials/drug effects , Neoplasm Proteins/deficiency , Patch-Clamp Techniques , Stromal Interaction Molecule 1/deficiency , Thapsigargin/pharmacology , Uridine Triphosphate/pharmacologyABSTRACT
We have shown that the expression of full-length mutated huntingtin in human neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-SH) leads to an abnormal increase in calcium entry through store-operated channels. In this paper, the expression of the N-terminal fragment of mutated huntingtin (Htt138Q-1exon) is shown to be enough to provide an actual model for Huntington's disease. We have shown that Htt138Q-1exon expression causes increased store-operated calcium entry, which is mediated by at least two types of channels in SK-N-SH cells with different reversal potentials. Calcium sensor, STIM1, is required for activation of store-operated calcium entry in these cells. The results provide grounds for considering the proteins responsible for the activation and maintenance of the store-operated calcium entry as promising targets for developing novel therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases.
