Management of acute supraventricular tachycardia in children.

QUESTION: Recently, a 3-year-old patient in my practice urgently needed to go to the emergency department. The patient was found to have supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) and needed immediate treatment with adenosine. What evidence is currently available for management of SVT in children? ANSWER: Supraventricular tachycardia is a common cardiac condition in the pediatric population that manifests as a narrow QRS complex tachycardia on electrocardiography. Symptoms may range from palpitations, poor feeding, and irritability to more substantial hemodynamic instability. Patients who are hemodynamically stable can benefit from interventions such as vagal maneuvers, which can be done in the office. Such maneuvers include the Valsalva maneuver, stimulation of the diving reflex (for infants), and unilateral carotid sinus massage. Other children may need pharmacologic therapies to restore normal heart rhythm, which usually consists of a rapid intravenous injection of adenosine under monitoring. For patients who are hemodynamically unstable, emergency cardioversion may be needed.

Prise en charge de la tachycardie supraventriculaire aiguë chez les enfants.

QUESTION: Récemment, un patient âgé de 3 ans que je voyais en cabinet a dû être rapidement transporté au service d'urgence. On lui a diagnostiqué une tachycardie supraventriculaire (TSV), et de l'adénosine lui a été immédiatement administrée. De quelles données probantes disposons-nous relativement à la prise en charge de la TSV chez les enfants? RÉPONSE: La tachycardie supraventriculaire est un trouble cardiaque courant chez les patients pédiatriques. Elle se manifeste par une diminution de l'amplitude des complexes QRS sur l'électrocardiogramme. Les symptômes vont des palpitations, du manque d'appétit et de l'irritabilité à une instabilité hémodynamique plus significative. Les patients stables sur le plan hémodynamique peuvent bénéficier d'interventions comme les manœuvres vagales, qui peuvent être effectuées en cabinet. Ces manœuvres comprennent la manœuvre de Valsalva, la stimulation du réflexe de plongée (chez les enfants) et la compression unilatérale du sinus carotidien. Chez certains enfants, le rétablissement du rythme cardiaque normal peut demander un traitement pharmacologique consistant en de rapides injections intraveineuses d'adénosine administrées sous surveillance. Les patients présentant une instabilité hémodynamique pourraient nécessiter une cardioversion d'urgence.

Necrotizing Enterocolitis Associated with Congenital Heart Disease-A Review Article.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a relatively rare but devastating entity associated classically with the preterm cohort in the neonatal intensive care unit. Preterm and term babies with congenital heart disease are at risk of a number of comorbidities because of the hemodynamic derangements due to a structurally abnormal heart and the corrective procedures adopted. Necrotizing enterocolitis is one of the dreaded complications associated with this cohort and impacts the course of these babies in the hospital in a major way. A large majority of term babies with NEC are in the backdrop of a significant congenital cardiac lesion. This review article summarizes the literature and elaborates this entity including its specific features, risk factors associated with its causality, histopathology and related aspects of hemodynamics, and feeding in this vulnerable population. It also provides insight into modifiable risk factors and early markers of detection of gut necrosis to facilitate prevention and early detection. It highlights the subtle but definite difference in outcome variables to help physicians enable the parents of babies with heart disease to develop a better understanding of the entity and its expected course while counseling.

Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: When the Gut Takes Charge.

Accelerated idioventricular rhythm (AIVR) is an uncommon but benign rhythm, seen most commonly in children. It is associated with reperfusion injury after myocardial infarction in adults. In children, it is usually seen as an idiopathic finding in the absence of heart disease. We present a case of AIVR in an adolescent associated with acute presentation of inflammatory bowel disease. Prompt treatment of the systemic inflammation led to the remission of both inflammatory bowel disease and AIVR. This report emphasizes the diverse causes of AIVR in children and our limited understanding of its pathophysiology. Treatment of the underlying condition resolved the arrhythmia.

Le rythme idioventriculaire accéléré (RIVA) est un rythme rarement rencontré mais bénin, observé le plus souvent chez les enfants. Il est associé à des lésions de reperfusion après un infarctus du myocarde chez l'adulte. Chez l'enfant, il est généralement catégorisé comme idiopathique en absence de maladie cardiaque. Nous présentons le cas d'un adolescent ayant un RIVA associé à une forme aiguë de maladie intestinale inflammatoire. Un traitement rapide de l'inflammation systémique a conduit à la rémission de la maladie intestinale inflammatoire et du RIVA. Ce rapport met en lumière les diverses causes du RIVA chez les enfants et notre compréhension limitée de sa physiopathologie. Le traitement de la condition sous-jacente a permis de résoudre l'arythmie.