ABSTRACT
We have studied the global risk of retinopathy in a Mediterranean population of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, according to clinical, biochemical, and lifestyle biomarkers. The effects of the oral supplementation containing antioxidants/omega 3 fatty acids (A/ω3) were also evaluated. Suitable participants were distributed into two main groups: (1) T2DMG (with retinopathy (+DR) or without retinopathy (-DR)) and (2) controls (CG). Participants were randomly assigned (+A/ω3) or not (-A/ω3) to the oral supplementation with a daily pill of Nutrof Omega (R) for 18 months. Data collected including demographics, anthropometrics, characteristics/lifestyle, ophthalmic examination (best corrected visual acuity, ocular fundus photographs, and retinal thickness as assessed by optical coherence tomography), and blood parameters (glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, triglycerides, malondialdehyde, and total antioxidant capacity) were registered, integrated, and statistically processed by the SPSS 15.0 program. Finally, 208 participants (130 diabetics (68 +DR/62 -DR) and 78 controls) completed the follow-up. Blood analyses confirmed that the T2DMG+DR patients had significantly higher oxidative stress (p < 0.05), inflammatory (p < 0.05), and vascular (p < 0.001) risk markers than the T2DMG-DR and the CG. Furthermore, the A/ω3 oral supplementation positively changed the baseline parameters, presumptively by inducing metabolic activation and ameliorating the ocular health after 18 months of supplementation.
Subject(s)
Biomarkers/blood , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism , Diabetic Retinopathy/blood , Diabetic Retinopathy/physiopathology , Dietary Supplements , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Antioxidants/metabolism , Blood Glucose/drug effects , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology , Diabetic Retinopathy/metabolism , Fatty Acids, Omega-3/blood , Female , Glycated Hemoglobin/metabolism , Humans , Male , Malondialdehyde/blood , Middle Aged , Tomography, Optical Coherence/methods , TriglyceridesABSTRACT
AIMS: To analyse myelination and outgrowth of the optic axons in relation to the neuro-ophthalmological manifestations of ethanol (EtOH) abuse during pregnancy. METHODS: An experimental model of chronic EtOH exposure was developed in rats and their offspring by subjecting the dams to a liquid diet (35% of the daily total calories as either EtOH or maltose-dextrose nutritional controls (Con). Eyeballs and optic nerves were obtained at key developmental stages and processed for morphologic, immunocytochemical and immunoblotting procedures, using alternatively antibodies against myelin basic protein (MBP) or neurofilament (NF) protein, and image analysing. RESULTS: A significant delay in onset of optic axons myelination, as well as a significant reduction in optic nerve size (P < 0.001), optic axons number (P < 0.001), myelinated axons density (P < 0.001), number of myelin lamellae linked to axon diameter (P < 0.001) and optic axon cross-sectional area (P < 0.001) were detected in the global morphometric assessment of the EtOH nerves with respect to the Con. Expression of MBP and NF was noticeably reduced in the EtOH optic nerves when compared with the Con. CONCLUSION: Disturbed myelination of optic axons, caused by EtOH abuse, strongly disrupts the optic nerve development and the establishment of definitive retinal and optic nerve targets, and subsequently the visual patterns.
Subject(s)
Central Nervous System Depressants/toxicity , Ethanol/toxicity , Eye/physiopathology , Myelin Basic Protein/biosynthesis , Myelin Sheath/pathology , Neurofilament Proteins/biosynthesis , Optic Nerve/pathology , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects , Animals , Animals, Newborn/physiology , Axons/drug effects , Axons/pathology , Axons/physiology , Body Weight , Central Nervous System Depressants/blood , Disease Models, Animal , Ethanol/blood , Eye/drug effects , Eye/growth & development , Eye/metabolism , Female , Myelin Basic Protein/immunology , Myelin Sheath/drug effects , Myelin Sheath/physiology , Neurofilament Proteins/immunology , Optic Nerve/growth & development , Optic Nerve/physiology , Pregnancy , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Retina/anatomy & histology , Retina/pathology , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Clinical and experimental studies have highlighted the role played by thyroid hormones (TH) in neural and neuro-sensorial development. However, knowledge on TH mechanisms on the developing visual system is still incomplete. To uncover TH actions on the eyes and vision we carried out a microscopical study on the role of TH in the developing retina and optic nerve, in a rat model of controlled TH deficiency (THD). Morphometric and stereological analyses of the retina and optic nerve showed a reduction in the volume of the eye (p<0.001) and optic nerve cross-sectional area (p<0.001), and thinning of the retinal layers (p<0.001). Glial development and myelination was significantly delayed in the THD optic nerves (p<0.001), as compared to controls. The data indicate that TH play an essential role in neuro-retinogenesis. Substitutive TH therapy in critical periods, should be considered in hypothyroidism-related eye disorders as well as neurodegenerative retinal processes.
