Increased Fat Oxidation During Arm Cycling Exercise in Adult Men With Spinal Cord Injury Compared With Noninjured Controls.

People with spinal cord injury (SCI) tend to be more sedentary and increase fat accumulation, which could have a negative influence on metabolic flexibility. The aim of this study was to investigate the capacity to oxidize fat in a homogenous sample of men with thoracic SCI compared with healthy noninjured men during an arm cycling incremental test. Forty-one men, 21 with SCI and 20 noninjured controls, performed an incremental arm cycling test to determine peak fat oxidation (PFO) and the intensity of exercise that elicits PFO (Fatmax). PFO was expressed in absolute values (g/min) and relative to whole-body and upper-body lean mass ([mg·min-1]·kg-1) through three different models (adjusting by cardiorespiratory fitness and fat mass). Gross mechanical efficiency was also calculated. PFO was higher in SCI than in noninjured men (0.27 ± 0.07 vs. 0.17 ± 0.07 g/min; 5.39 ± 1.30 vs. 3.29 ± 1.31 [mg·min-1]·kg-1 whole-body lean mass; 8.28 ± 2.11 vs. 5.08 ± 2.12 [mg·min-1]·kg-1 upper-body lean mass). Fatmax was found at a significantly higher percentage of VO2peak in men with SCI (33.6% ± 8.2% vs. 23.6% ± 6.4%). Differences persisted and even increased in the fully adjustment model and at any intensity. Men with SCI showed significantly higher gross mechanical efficiency at 35 and 65 W than the noninjured group. Men with SCI showed higher fat oxidation when compared with noninjured men at any intensity, even increased after full adjustment for lean mass, fat mass, and cardiorespiratory fitness. These findings suggest that SCI men could improve their metabolic flexibility and muscle mass for greater efficiency, not being affected by their fat accumulation.

The effects of Age, Organized Physical Activity and Sedentarism on Fitness in Older Adults: An 8-Year Longitudinal Study.

The aims of the present study were (1) to describe the changes in physical fitness during an 8 year follow-up in a large sample of Spanish adults aged 65 or over that are initially engaged in organized physical activity (OPA), (2) to compare fitness changes according to different age groups (65 to 69 vs. 70 to 74 vs. ≥75 years-old), (3) to evaluate the independent and combined effects of changes in OPA engagement and sitting time (ST) on physical fitness. A total of 642 (147 males) non-institutionalized over 65 years-old participants completed the EXERNET battery fitness tests and completed a validated questionnaire from which information regarding OPA and ST were collected. All participants completed evaluations in 2008-2009 and in 2016-2017. An impairment of fitness-related variables happens after 65 years of age in both males and females, with the older participants (≥75), showing the largest decreases. Males who continued performing OPA demonstrated lower decreases in balance, leg flexibility and agility when compared to those who stopped performing OPA during the follow-up. Females who continued performing OPA demonstrated lower decreases of all variables except for balance when compared to those who stopped performing OPA during the follow-up.

Strength and Endurance Training in Older Women in Relation to ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D Polymorphisms.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of two genetic polymorphisms, ACTN3R577X, and ACE I/D, on physical condition in a sample of active older women after a two-year training period. The sample was composed of 300 healthy women over the age of 60 who underwent a two-year training program. Adapted tests from the Senior Fitness Test were used. The genotyping of the polymorphisms was obtained from the participants' DNA via buccal swabs. The analysis of the ACE polymorphism did not reveal differences between genotypes. The analysis of the R577X polymorphism showed a favorable effect for the ACTN3 XX genotype in tests for leg strength (p: 0.001) after training, compared to the other genotypes, and also in the analysis of the combined effect of the polymorphism (ACE II + ACTN3 RX/XX). The intragroup effect revealed an improvement in arm strength for carriers of the X allele after 24 months of training (p < 0.05). The endurance values significantly worsened in all study groups. Conclusions: The R577X polymorphism of ACTN3 may have an important role in capacities related to muscle strength, providing a beneficial effect for carriers of the X allele.

Effects of Zumba® and Aquagym on Bone Mass in Inactive Middle-Aged Women.

Background and objectives: Regular exercise may stimulate bone formation and reduce the loss of bone mass in premenopausal women. This study aims to evaluate the effect of high-impact physical activity (Zumba®) and low-impact physical activity (Aquagym) on bone mass in inactive middle-aged women. Materials and methods: Fifty-five healthy inactive women (30⁻50 years old) were recruited in Spain in 2016 and were randomly allocated into one of three groups: High impact group (HIG: n = 15), low impact group (LIG: n = 12) and control group (CG: n = 28). HIG and LIG were recruited from Madrid and the CG from Toledo. HIG and LIG completed a 12-week intervention program with three 40' sessions per week of Zumba® or Aquagym; respectively. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measured bone mineral content (BMC) and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) at total body less head (TBLH), lumbar spine and right hip. Results: Post-intervention adjusted data showed no significant differences in BMC between any of the groups nor in aBMD between HIG and LIG. Interestingly; significant differences for the HIG vs. CG were found in the change in total hip aBMD (1.76% vs. -0.44%), femoral neck aBMD (1.80% vs. -2.71%), and intertrochanter aBMD (2.03% vs. -0.50%). Moreover, significant differences for the LIG vs. CG were also found in the change in femoral neck aBMD (-0.54% vs. -2.71%). Conclusions: The regular practice of Zumba® and Aquagym might reduce the progressive deterioration of bone mass in inactive middle-aged women.

Cardiorespiratory fitness and arm bone mineral health in young males with spinal cord injury: the mediator role of lean mass.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) derives in loss of bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD). However, physical activity is an important determinant in bone mass acquisition, which is partially mediated through the lean mass (LM). The aim was to examine the effect of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) on BMD and BMC arms of adult males with SCI and able-bodied controls using the arm LM as a mediator variable. Thirty able-bodied men and thirty men with SCI participated. BMC and BMD were analysed by DXA, and indirect calorimetry was used to calculate VO2peak during a progressive arm-cranking test. When groups were divided by the amount of LM, the subgroup with highest LM had significantly higher arm BMC compared to the lowest LM subgroup (p ≤ 0.05) in both SCI and able-bodied groups. Moreover, same differences were found when confidence intervals were analysed. Only in the SCI group, arm LM mediated the relationship between bone mass and CRF at 30.9%, as indicated by the Sobel test (z = 2.17 and z = 2.04 for BMC and BMD, respectively). In conclusion, LM mediates the indirect association between CRF and bone health, specifically in the arms. This finding highlights the importance of having an adequate CRF for the maintenance of good bone health in SCI men.

[Organized physical activity in the elderly, a tool to improve physical fitness during ageing]. / La actividad física organizada en las personas mayores, una herramienta para mejorar la condición física en la senectud.

OBJECTIVE: An adequate level of fitness is critical to achieving healthy ageing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of organized physical activity (PA) and the number of hours of practice on the fitness levels of the elderly. METHODS: A total of 3104 people over 65 years old from Spain, belonging to the EXERNET Multicenter Project (722 men and 2382 women, mean age: 72.1 ± 5.3 years) participated in the study. Fitness was evaluated by 8 specific tests for this population. Participation in organized PA was recorded through a questionnaire. Differences in fitness values depending on the participation in PA and the number of hours were measured with ANCOVA adjusting for age, hours of walking and sitting time. RESULTS: Those who did not participate in this type of activity increased their risk of having a low level of fitness in most variables evaluated, with some differences between sexes (OR: from 1.6 to 2.6 in men and from 1.4 to 2.2 in women). In men, no significant differences were observed between practicing less than 2, 2-4 or more than 4 hours (P grater than 0,05), with an exception in the strength of the left arm. However, women who performed more than 2 hours a week in organized PA had better balance, strength of lower and upper extremities, flexibility of lower extremities, walking speed and aerobic capacity than those who performed less than 2 hours of PA a week (P less than 0,05). CONCLUSIONS: The practice of organized PA produces a beneficial effect on the fitness of the elderly regardless of age, hours of walking and time sitting per day.

OBJETIVO: Un nivel adecuado de condición física (CF) es fundamental para el logro de un envejecimiento saludable. El objetivo de este estudio consistió en evaluar el impacto de la actividad física (AF) organizada y el número de horas de práctica sobre el nivel de CF de las personas mayores. METODOS: En el estudio participaron 3104 personas mayores de 65 años de España, pertenecientes al Proyecto Multicéntrico EXERNET (722 hombres y 2382 mujeres; edad media: 72,1±5,3 años). La CF se evaluó mediante 8 test específicos para esta población. La participación en AF organizada se registró mediante un cuestionario. Las diferencias en la CF en función de la práctica y número de horas de AF se midieron con ANCOVA ajustando por edad, horas de caminar y de estar sentado. RESULTADOS: Aquellos que no participaban en este tipo de actividad incrementaban su riesgo de tener un nivel bajo de CF en la mayoría de las variables evaluadas, observándose algunas diferencias entre sexos (OR: desde 1,6 hasta 2,6 en hombres y desde 1,4 hasta 2,2 en mujeres). En los hombres no se observó ninguna diferencia significativa entre practicar menos de 2, 2-4 o más de 4 horas (todos P mayor de 0,05), a excepción de la fuerza del brazo izquierdo; sin embargo, las mujeres que realizaban más de 2 horas de AF organizada a la semana tenían mayor equilibrio, fuerza de piernas y de brazos, flexibilidad de piernas, velocidad al caminar y resistencia aeróbica que aquellas que asistían a este tipo de sesiones menos de 2 horas a la semana (P menor de 0,05). CONCLUSIONES: La práctica de AF organizada produce un efecto beneficioso sobre la CF de las personas mayores independientemente de la edad, las horas que estén sentados o el tiempo que dediquen a caminar.

La actividad física organizada en las personas mayores, una herramienta para mejorar la condición física en la senectud / Organized physical activity in the elderly, a tool to improve physical fitness during ageing

Fundamentos. Un nivel adecuado de condición física (CF) es fundamental para el logro de un envejecimiento saludable. El objetivo de este estudio consistió en evaluar el impacto de la actividad física (AF) organizada y el número de horas de práctica sobre el nivel de CF de las personas mayores. Método. En el estudio participaron 3104 personas mayores de 65 años de España, pertenecientes al Proyecto Multicéntrico EXERNET (722 hombres y 2382 mujeres; edad media: 72,1±5,3 años). La CF se evaluó mediante 8 test específicos para esta población. La participación en AF organizada se registró mediante un cuestionario. Las diferencias en la CF en función de la práctica y número de horas de AF se midieron con ANCOVA ajustando por edad, horas de caminar y de estar sentado. Resultados. Aquellos que no participaban en este tipo de actividad incrementaban su riesgo de tener un nivel bajo de CF en la mayoría de las variables evaluadas, observándose algunas diferencias entre sexos (OR: desde 1,6 hasta 2,6 en hombres y desde 1,4 hasta 2,2 en mujeres). En los hombres no se observó ninguna diferencia significativa entre practicar menos de 2, 2-4 o más de 4 horas (todos P>0,05), a excepción de la fuerza del brazo izquierdo; sin embargo, las mujeres que realizaban más de 2 horas de AF organizada a la semana tenían mayor equilibrio, fuerza de piernas y de brazos, flexibilidad de piernas, velocidad al caminar y resistencia aeróbica que aquellas que asistían a este tipo de sesiones menos de 2 horas a la semana (P<0,05). Conclusiones. La práctica de AF organizada produce un efecto beneficioso sobre la CF de las personas mayores independientemente de la edad, las horas que estén sentados o el tiempo que dediquen a caminar. (AU)

Background. An adequate level of fitness is critical to achieving healthy ageing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of organized physical activity (PA) and the number of hours of practice on the fitness levels of the elderly. Method. A total of 3104 people over 65 years old from Spain, belonging to the EXERNET Multicenter Project (722 men and 2382 women, mean age: 72.1 ± 5.3 years) participated in the study. Fitness was evaluated by 8 specific tests for this population. Participation in organized PA was recorded through a questionnaire. Differences in fitness values depending on the participation in PA and the number of hours were measured with ANCOVA adjusting for age, hours of walking and sitting time.Results. Those who did not participate in this type of activity increased their risk of having a low level of fitness in most variables evaluated, with some differences between sexes (OR: from 1.6 to 2.6 in men and from 1.4 to 2.2 in women). In men, no significant differences were observed between practicing less than 2, 2-4 or more than 4 hours (P>0,05), with an exception in the strength of the left arm. However, women who performed more than 2 hours a week in organized PA had better balance, strength of lower and upper extremities, flexibility of lower extremities, walking speed and aerobic capacity than those who performed less than 2 hours of PA a week (P<0,05). Conclusions. The practice of organized PA produces a beneficial effect on the fitness of the elderly regardless of age, hours of walking and time sitting per day (AU)

El comportamiento visual de bloqueadoras juveniles de voleibol y su relación con la precisión de su respuesta / / Comportamento visual dos juvenis de bloqueio voleibol e sua relação com a precisão de sua resposta / Visual behaviour of youth volleyball blockers and its relationship with their response accuracy

El presente estudio examina el comportamiento visual de jóvenes jugadoras de voleibol en la acción del bloqueo. El objetivo fue analizar las estrategias de búsqueda visual y las principales localizaciones de las fijaciones en el transcurso de la acción, estableciendo relaciones entre éstas y el porcentaje de aciertos. 29 jugadoras de voleibol (17,4 ± 0,9 años de edad) debían decidir la dirección de la colocación durante la visualización de secuencias de vídeo proyectadas a tamaño real. Se registraba su decisión mediante el movimiento de las jugadoras, que fue grabado por una cámara de vídeo a 25 fps y se analizó fotograma a fotograma. El comportamiento visual de las jugadoras se obtuvo mediante un sistema de seguimiento de la mirada (Mobile Eye de ASL), y se analizó en función de las dos direcciones de la colocación: zona 3 y zona 4. Se calculó el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson entre el Porcentaje de aciertos totales y las diferentes variables de comportamiento visual, y se aplicó la estadística inferencial para comprobar las diferencias en función de la zona. Las jugadoras estaban más sincronizadas con la información relativa al balón que con la contenida en la colocadora, siendo esa la fuente de información en la que principalmente basaron sus decisiones. La fijación de la zona Balón-Muñeca en los momentos cercanos al contacto puede ser la clave para lograr una correcta anticipación en esta acción, ya que permitiría extraer información del balón y del brazo de la colocadora al mismo tiempo mediante la visión periférica (AU)

The present study examines the visual behavior of young volleyball players during block action. The aim was to analyze visual search behaviour and the main locations during the action, establishing relationships between them and the percentage of correct answers.29 female volleyball players (17,4 ± 0,9 years old) should decide the direction of the setting while the viewed video sequences projected in actual size. The players registered their decision through their movement, which was recorded by a video camera at 25 fps and analyzed frame by frame. Visual behavior of the players is obtained through a system of eye tracking (ASL Mobile Eye), and analyzed according to the two different ball destinations: Zone 3 and Zone 4. Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated between the percentage of total hits and the different variables of visual behavior, and inferential statistics were applied to test for differences depending on the area. Players were more attuned to the information on the ball with that contained in the setter, and this is the source of information on which they based their decisions primarily. Fixing the ball-wrist area in early contact times may be the key to a correct anticipation in this action, as it would allow extracting information of the ball and the arm of the setter while using peripheral vision (AU)

O presente estudo analisa o comportamento visual dos jogadores de vôlei jovens no fechamento ação. O objetivo foi analisar as estratégias de busca visual e as principais localizações dos elementos de fixação no curso da ação, estabelecendo relações entre eles ea porcentagem de acertos. 29 jogadores de voleibol (17,4 ± 0,9 anos de idade) deve decidir no sentido da colocação ao exibir sequências de vídeo projetadas tamanho real. Os jogadores inscritos a sua decisão através do seu movimento, que foi gravado por uma câmera de vídeo a 25 fps e analisadas quadro a quadro. O comportamento visual dos jogadores é obtido através de um sistema de rastreamento (ASL móvel do olho) do olho, e analisados de acordo com os dois sentidos de colocação: Zonas 3 e 4. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson foi calculado entre a porcentagem do total de hits e as diferentes variáveis de comportamento visual e estatística inferencial foram aplicados para testar as diferenças, dependendo da área. Os jogadores estavam mais sintonizados com a informação sobre a bola com a contida no setter, e esta é a fonte de informação em que se basearam as suas decisões, principalmente. Fixação da área de bola-doll em tempos de contato próximos pode ser a chave para a antecipação correta nesta ação, uma vez que permitiria extrair informação da bola e no braço do setter ao usar a visão periférica (AU)

Análisis de la toma de decisiones en la acción de bloqueo de voleibol: Comparación entre jugadoras de élite y amateur / Decision-making in volleyball block: comparison between elite and amateur players / Análise da tomada de decisões na acção de bloqueio no voleibol: comparação entre jogadoras de elite e amadoras

El propósito del presente estudio ha sido analizar la toma de decisiones en una situación de bloqueo en voleibol, basándonos en las acciones de las colocadoras. La muestra estaba compuesta por 40 jugadoras de voleibol (24.0 ± 4.9 años), que competían de manera federada y participaban durante el juego en la acción de bloqueo. Se analizó la toma de decisiones en esta acción, utilizando secuencias de video proyectadas a tamaño real. Las participantes, en función de su nivel de juego, se dividieron en grupo élite (n=10), formado por las jugadoras de la selección española absoluta, y en grupo amateur (n=30), compuesto por jugadoras de equipos amateur de segunda y primera división. Las secuencias de colocación que visionaron las participantes estuvieron en consonancia con su nivel competitivo, de modo que cada grupo visionó el mismo número de colocaciones, realizadas por dos jugadoras distintas, de su mismo nivel competitivo. Se realizó una comparación entre el porcentaje de acierto de ambos grupos en los diferentes tipos de colocación. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en los aciertos entre los grupos élite y amateur, aunque sí se detectaron diferencias significativas tras ponderar los datos, además de un tamaño del efecto por encima del valor medio. Estas diferencias en las medias de las variables de acierto pueden tener importancia a nivel práctico, puesto que traducidas al terreno de juego supondrían un mayor número de decisiones acertadas. Además, había una fuerte correlación positiva entre las variables de acierto, lo que nos indica que hay una tendencia a acertar o fallar independientemente de la zona de colocación. Estos resultados pueden ser la base para realizar programas de intervención para la mejora de la toma de decisiones en esta acción concreta

The purpose of this study was to analyze decision making in a volleyball block situation, based on the actions of the setter. The sample was composed by 40 female volleyball players (24.0 ± 4.9 years), that were federated and had a role in blocking actions during the game. Decision making in blocks was analyzed, using video sequences projected in a real scale. According to their skill level, the participants were classified into an elite group (n = 10), composed of the players of the spanish national women's volleyball team, and an amateur one (n = 30), with non-professional players from women's First and second spanish division. The setting sequences that the participants watched were in consonance with their skill level, so that every group saw the same number of setting sequences, made by two different players, of the same competitive level. A comparison between success rates in both groups in the different types of settings was performed. No significant differences were found in success between both groups, although significant differences were detected after considering the data, as well as an effect size over the average value. These differences in the means of success variables may be important from a practical point of view, inasmuch as translated to the playing ground would imply a higher success. Besides, a high positive correlation between success variables was found, which points out a trend to failure or success independently of the setting zone. These results can be the basis so as to carry out intervention programs to improve decision making in this specific action

O objectivo do presente estudo foi analisar a tomada de decisões numa situação de bloqueio no voleibol, baseando-nos nas acciones das distribuidoras. A amostra foi composta por 40 jogadoras de voleibol (24.0 ± 4.9 anos), federadas e que participavam durante o jogo na acção de bloqueio. Foi analisada a tomada de decisões nesta acção, utilizando sequências de vídeo projectadas em tamanho real. As participantes, em função do seu nível de jogo, foram divididas em grupo elite (n = 10), formado pelas jogadoras da selecção principal espanhola, e grupo amador (n = 30), composto por jogadoras de equipas amadoras da segunda e primeira divisão. As sequências de distribuição que visionaram as participantes estiveram em consonância com o seu nível competitivo, sendo que cada grupo visionou o mesmo número de distribuições, realizadas por duas jogadoras distintas, do seu nível competitivo. realizou-se uma comparação entre a percentagem de acerto de ambos os grupos nos diferentes níveis de distribuição. Não se verificaram diferenças significativos nos acertos entre os grupos de elite e amador, embora se tenham verificado diferenças significativas após a ponderação dos dados, bem como uma magnitude de efeito acima do valor médio. estas diferenças nas médias das variáveis de acerto pode ser importante a nível prático, uma vez que traduzidas em campo iriam supor um maior número de decisões acertadas. Além disso, verificou-se uma forte correlação positiva entre as variáveis de acerto, o que indica que há uma tendência de acertar ou errar, independentemente da zona de distribuição. estes resultados podem ser a base para delinear programas de intervenção para melhorar a tomada de decisão nesta acção específica

[Physical fitness evolution in octogenarian population and its relationship with a sedentary lifestyle]. / Evolución de los niveles de condición física en población octogenaria y su relación con un estilo de vida sedentario.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the changes in physical fitness over two years of following up in octogenarian people and to check whether a sedentary lifestyle modify these variations. METHODS: Physical fitness of 182 subject (48 men, 134 women) with a mean age of 82,3 ± 2,3 years were evaluated using 8 different tests. A repeated measures analysis was carried out to see the differences between the two evaluation periods and to see the physical fitness differences between sedentary people (sit ≥ 4 hours/day) and non sedentary people (sit < 4 hours/day). RESULTS: Between the two evaluation periods, we found a significant decrease in the agility test (p < 0.05), walking speed (p < 0.01) and endurance (p < 0.01). In relation to the subjects who spent sitting 4 hours/day there was a decrease in the walking speed test between the two evaluations (p < 0.05). Moreover, there was a decrease of walking speed and endurance between the two evaluation periods in both sedentary and nonsedentary people (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In two years of following up, there are adverse changes in the level of physical fitness in octogenarians. Long periods of sitting time may translate into a loss of agility. Walking speed and endurance seem to be the components of physical fitness more affected by the ageing process in this population; and this loss is not determined by the hours of sitting per day.

Objetivos: Determinar los cambios que se producen en la condición física a lo largo de dos años de seguimiento en octogenarios y comprobar si un estilo de vida sedentario modifica estas variaciones. Metodología: La condición física de 182 sujetos (48 hombres, 134 mujeres) con una media de edad de 82,3 ± 2,3 años se evaluó mediante 8 test (adaptados de las baterías "Senior Fitness Test" y "Eurofit"). Se realizó un análisis de medidas repetidas entre los dos periodos de evaluación y para ver las diferencias de condición física entre los sujetos considerados sedentarios (permanecían sentados ≥4 horas/día) y no sedentarios (permanecían sentados < 4 horas/día) Resultados: Entre las dos evaluaciones encontramos un descenso significativo en los test de agilidad (p < 0,05), velocidad (p < 0,01) y resistencia (p < 0,01) y un ligero aumento de la fuerza de brazos en los sujetos que permanecían sentados < 4 horas/día (p < 0,05). Aquellos que permanecían sentados > 4 horas/día sufrieron un descenso de la agilidad (p < 0,05). Se produjo una pérdida de velocidad y resistencia tanto en sedentarios como en no sedentarios (p < 0,05). Conclusión: En dos años de seguimiento, se producen cambios negativos en el nivel de condición física en personas octogenarias. Periodos prolongados de sedestación se traducen en una pérdida de agilidad. La velocidad de la marcha y resistencia parecen ser los componentes de la condición física más afectados por el proceso de envejecimiento en este grupo poblacional y su pérdida no viene determinada por las horas diarias de sedestación.

Evolución de los niveles de condición física en población octogenaria y su relación con un estilo de vida sedentario / Physical fitness evolution in octogenarian population and its relationship with a sedentary lifestyle

Objetivos: Determinar los cambios que se producen en la condición física a lo largo de dos años de seguimiento en octogenarios y comprobar si un estilo de vida sedentario modifica estas variaciones. Metodología: La condición física de 182 sujetos (48 hombres, 134 mujeres) con una media de edad de 82,3 ± 2,3 años se evaluó mediante 8 test (adaptados de las baterías "Senior Fitness Test" y "Eurofit"). Se realizó un análisis de medidas repetidas entre los dos periodos de evaluación y para ver las diferencias de condición física entre los sujetos considerados sedentarios (permanecían sentados ≥ 4 horas/día) y no sedentarios (permanecían sentados < 4 horas/día) Resultados: Entre las dos evaluaciones encontramos un descenso significativo en los test de agilidad (p < 0,05), velocidad (p < 0,01) y resistencia (p < 0,01) y un ligero aumento de la fuerza de brazos en los sujetos que permanecían sentados < 4 horas/día (p < 0,05). Aquellos que permanecían sentados > 4 horas/día sufrieron un descenso de la agilidad (p < 0,05). Se produjo una pérdida de velocidad y resistencia tanto en sedentarios como en no sedentarios (p < 0,05). Conclusión: En dos años de seguimiento, se producen cambios negativos en el nivel de condición física en personas octogenarias. Periodos prolongados de sedestación se traducen en una pérdida de agilidad. La velocidad de la marcha y resistencia parecen ser los componentes de la condición física más afectados por el proceso de envejecimiento en este grupo poblacional y su pérdida no viene determinada por las horas diarias de sedestación (AU)

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the changes in physical fitness over two years of following up in octogenarian people and to check whether a sedentary lifestyle modify these variations. Methods: Physical fitness of 182 subject (48 men, 134 women) with a mean age of 82,3 ± 2,3 years were evaluated using 8 different tests. A repeated measures analysis was carried out to see the differences between the two evaluation periods and to see the physical fitness differences between sedentary people (sit ≥ 4 hours/day) and non sedentary people (sit < 4 hours/day). Results: Between the two evaluation periods, we found a significant decrease in the agility test (p < 0.05), walking speed (p < 0.01) and endurance (p < 0.01). In relation to the subjects who spent sitting < 0.05). In subjects who spent sitting >4 hours/day there was a decrease in the walking speed test between the two evaluations (p < 0.05). Moreover, there was a decrease of walking speed and endurance between the two evaluation periods in both sedentary and nonsedentary people (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In two years of following up, there are adverse changes in the level of physical fitness in octogenarians. Long periods of sitting time may translate into a loss of agility. Walking speed and endurance seem to be the components of physical fitness more affected by the ageing process in this population; and this loss is not determined by the hours of sitting per day (AU)

Análisis del comportamiento visual y la toma de decisiones en el bloqueo en voleibol / Analises do comportamento visual e a toma de decisões no bloqueio em voleibol / Analises do comportamento visual e a toma de decisões no bloqueio em voleibol

El presente trabajo aborda el estudio del comportamiento visual y la toma de decisiones de jugadores de voleibol en la acción del bloqueo, ante dos situaciones diferentes de colocación: en apoyo y en salto. La muestra está compuesta por 7 jugadores (M=25,14 ± 3,98 años de edad) que competían de forma federada en categoría absoluta. Éstos se han dividido en dos grupos experimentales en función de su éxito en la toma de decisiones. Se utilizó un sistema de seguimiento de la mirada (Mobile Eye de los laboratorios ASL) para analizar el comportamiento visual. Los resultados revelan que los jugadores más exitosos presentan un mayor ratio de búsqueda de visual y que la fijación de la zona Balón-Muñeca es la más repetida para extraer información en base a la cual tomar la decisión, sobre todo cuando la colocación se realiza en salto (AU)

The present paper studies the visual behavior and decision making of volleyball players in a blocking task, across two different types of setting: in backup and in jump. 7 volleyball players (M=25,14 ± 3,98 years) who plays in absolute federate category took part in this study. They are divided into two experimental groups in base of their performance in a decision making test. An eye tracker (Mobile Eye from ASL laboratory) was used for analyzed the gaze behavior of the volleyball players. Results reveal that successful players have a more visual search rate; also the ball-wrist fixation is the most repeated fixation, used in order to extract information for make the right decision, especially in jump setting (AU)

O presente artigo refere-se ao estudo do comportamento visual e a toma de decisões de jogadores de voleibol na ação do bloqueio, diante de duas situações diferentes de colocação: em apoio no salto. A mostra esta composta por 7 jogadores (M=25,14 ± 3,98 anos de idade) que competiam de forma federada na categoria absoluta. Os grupos foram divididos em experimentais em função do êxito na toma de decisões. Foi utilizado um sistema de seguimento do olhar (Mobile Eye do laboratório ASL) para analisar o comportamento visual. Os resultados revelam que os jogadores com mais sucesso apresentam um maior ratio de campo visual e que a fixação da zona bola-munheca é a mais utilizada para extrair informação baseada na toma de decisão, principalmente quando a colocação é realizada no salto (AU)