ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of maternal and perinatal factors on the nutritional composition of human milk. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2018 and January 2020, with 181 donors selected in Tertiary Health Units of the Unified Health System — from one collection station and five Human Milk Banks. Data were collected through a standardized questionnaire. To be fit to be a donor in a Human Milk Banks and produce mature milk were the eligibility criteria to participate in the study. We excluded milk samples with Dornic acidity above 8° D. The dependent variables were the macronutrients of human milk (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and total energy), that were analyzed using spectroscopy with the Miris Human Milk Analyzer™. The maternal and perinatal factors were the independent variables. Results: Women with pre-gestational obesity and gestational weight gain above the recommendation showed a lower protein concentration compared to eutrophic women (median=0.8, interquartile range (IQR): 0.7-0.9 vs. median=0.8, and IQR: 0.8-1.0) and those with adequate gestational weight gain (median=0.8, IQR: 0.7-0.9 vs. median=0.9, and IQR: 0.8-1.0), respectively. The other analyzed factors (i.e., maternal habits, comorbidities, and perinatal factors) were not associated with the nutritional composition of human milk. Conclusions: The assessment of factors associated with the nutritional composition of human milk is extremely important to assist postpartum care. Pre-gestational obesity and inadequate gestational weight gain were the only factors statistically associated with the nutritional composition of human milk as they impacted its protein content.
RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a influência de fatores maternos e perinatais na composição nutricional do leite humano. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado entre novembro de 2018 e janeiro de 2020, com 181 doadoras selecionadas em Unidades Terciárias de Saúde do Sistema Único de Saúde de um Posto de Coleta e cinco Bancos de Leite Humano. Foram coletados dados das variáveis maternas e dos recém-nascidos por meio de questionário padronizado. Estar apta para ser doadora em um Banco de Leite Humano e produzir leite maduro foram os critérios de elegibilidade para participar do estudo. As amostras de leite com acidez Dornic acima de 8° D foram excluídas. Os macronutrientes do leite humano, variáveis dependentes (carboidratos, proteínas, lipídeos, energia total) foram analisados pela técnica de espectroscopia de transmissão no infravermelho médio com o Miris Human Milk Analyzer™. Os fatores maternos e perinatais foram as variáveis independentes. Resultados: Mulheres com obesidade pré-gestacional e ganho de peso gestacional acima do recomendado apresentaram menor concentração proteica em relação às eutróficas (mediana=0,8, intervalo interquartil [IQR]: 0,7-0,9 vs. mediana=0,8, IQR: 0,8-1,0) e aquelas com ganho de peso gestacional adequado (mediana=0,8, IQR: 0,7-0,9 vs. mediana=0,9, IQR: 0,8-1,0), respectivamente. Os demais fatores analisados (hábitos maternos, comorbidades, fatores perinatais) não se associaram com a composição nutricional do leite humano. Conclusões: A avaliação dos fatores associados à composição nutricional do leite humano é de extrema importância para auxiliar os cuidados pós-parto. A obesidade pré-gestacional e o ganho de peso gestacional inadequado foram os únicos fatores estatisticamente associados com a composição nutricional do leite humano por terem impactado o seu teor de proteína.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of maternal and perinatal factors on the nutritional composition of human milk. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2018 and January 2020, with 181 donors selected in Tertiary Health Units of the Unified Health System - from one collection station and five Human Milk Banks. Data were collected through a standardized questionnaire. To be fit to be a donor in a Human Milk Banks and produce mature milk were the eligibility criteria to participate in the study. We excluded milk samples with Dornic acidity above 8° D. The dependent variables were the macronutrients of human milk (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and total energy), that were analyzed using spectroscopy with the Miris Human Milk Analyzer™. The maternal and perinatal factors were the independent variables. RESULTS: Women with pre-gestational obesity and gestational weight gain above the recommendation showed a lower protein concentration compared to eutrophic women (median=0.8, interquartile range (IQR): 0.7-0.9 vs. median=0.8, and IQR: 0.8-1.0) and those with adequate gestational weight gain (median=0.8, IQR: 0.7-0.9 vs. median=0.9, and IQR: 0.8-1.0), respectively. The other analyzed factors (i.e., maternal habits, comorbidities, and perinatal factors) were not associated with the nutritional composition of human milk. CONCLUSIONS: The assessment of factors associated with the nutritional composition of human milk is extremely important to assist postpartum care. Pre-gestational obesity and inadequate gestational weight gain were the only factors statistically associated with the nutritional composition of human milk as they impacted its protein content.
Subject(s)
Gestational Weight Gain , Milk Banks , Pregnancy , Female , Humans , Milk, Human/chemistry , Cross-Sectional Studies , ObesityABSTRACT
Suicide is considered a deliberate act initiated and concluded by a person with full knowledge or expectation of a fatal result, and one of the main symptoms of depression. An individual's conscious and excessive ingestion of a damaging substance is also considered to be an attempted suicide. Despite limited knowledge of caffeine abuse, deaths from overdose of caffeine have been reported in the literature. Thus, this study aims to review the existing literature on caffeine consumption and suicide attempts and deaths, investigating the relation between caffeine consumption and suicide attempts and deaths. We found 24 studies that discuss the relationship between caffeine and suicide. The findings revealed that, despite being an addictive substance and potentially fatal in higher doses, caffeine was still a rare factor in a number of studies concerning its relation with suicide attempts and death. The majority of the research found in this study was of the case study type. Furthermore, the majority of studies focus on the assistance offered to the victim and the procedures undertaken to control the bodily damage created. The existing studies indicate the substance may act as either a direct or an indirect agent in suicide. Therefore, a better understanding of how caffeine may be linked to suicide is crucial for its prevention.
Subject(s)
Caffeine/poisoning , Central Nervous System Stimulants/poisoning , Suicide , Caffeine/metabolism , Central Nervous System Stimulants/metabolism , Databases, Bibliographic/statistics & numerical data , Female , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
This systematic review aimed to examine the results of studies that have investigated the induction of panic attacks and/or the anxiogenic effect of the caffeine challenge test in patients with panic disorder. The literature search was performed in PubMed, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde and the ISI Web of Knowledge. The words used for the search were caffeine, caffeine challenge test, panic disorder, panic attacks and anxiety disorder. In total, we selected eight randomized, double-blind studies where caffeine was administered orally, and none of them controlled for confounding factors in the analysis. The percentage of loss during follow-up ranged between 14.3% and 73.1%. The eight studies all showed a positive association between caffeine and anxiogenic effects and/or panic disorder.
Subject(s)
Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis , Caffeine , Central Nervous System Stimulants , Panic Disorder/diagnosis , Anxiety Disorders/chemically induced , Caffeine/adverse effects , Caffeine/chemistry , Caffeine/metabolism , Central Nervous System Stimulants/adverse effects , Central Nervous System Stimulants/chemistry , Central Nervous System Stimulants/metabolism , Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological , Humans , Panic Disorder/chemically inducedABSTRACT
This systematic review aims to identify the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acid omega-3 on depressive disorder. A bibliographical search was conducted in the databases SciELO, PubMed and ISIWEB. The keywords used were: "depression" and "omega-3 fatty acids", "depression" and "omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid", "depression" and "n-3 fatty acids". A total of 19 studies were identified: four double-blind randomized studies, four cohorts, two cross-sectional lines and nine case-controls. Only five studies presented dropout of less than 30% and controlled for the most important confounding variables. Of the evaluated studies, 13 showed a significant positive association between omega-3 and depression, while six studies did not show a relationship between the referred variables. Therefore, future studies with similar methodology would aid in determining the precise effect of omega-3 on depressive disorders.
Subject(s)
Depression/drug therapy , Fatty Acids, Omega-3/therapeutic use , Clinical Trials as Topic , HumansABSTRACT
A systematic review was conducted, focusing on the relationship between depression during pregnancy and increased risk of low birth weight. The review covered articles published in PubMed, SciELO, and ISIWEB using the key words 'depression', 'pregnancy', 'birth weight' and 'low birth weight'. Ninety-nine studies were located, but after reading the abstracts only 10 articles were selected. According to criteria proposed by Downs & Black (1998) to assess the quality of the selected studies, only one was considered excellent, since it reached the maximum score of 20. Depression during pregnancy was associated with low birth weight in seven studies. Contradictions in the findings are due to differences in the scales used to evaluate depression, sample size, and insufficient control of important limiting factors for evaluating the results. Carefully designed studies are thus needed to elucidate the association between intra-gestational depression and low birth weight.
Subject(s)
Depression/psychology , Infant, Low Birth Weight , Pregnancy Complications/psychology , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Pregnancy , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática enfocando o efeito da depressão no período gestacional sobre o maior risco do baixo peso ao nascer. A revisão consistiu na busca de artigos publicados nas bases de dados PubMed, SciELO e ISIWEB utilizando-se as palavras-chave: "depression", "pregnancy", "low birth weight" e "birth weight". Foram localizados noventa e nove estudos, no entanto após a leitura dos resumos foram selecionados dez artigos. Segundo o critério de Downs & Black, utilizado para aferir a qualidade dos estudos selecionados, apenas um foi considerado de excelente qualidade, pois alcançou a pontuação máxima de 20 pontos. A depressão na gestação foi associada ao baixo peso ao nascer em sete estudos. Contradições nos achados devem-se às diferenças nas escalas utilizadas para mensurar a depressão, tamanho amostral e controle insuficiente de importantes fatores limitantes de avaliação dos resultados. Por estes motivos, são necessários estudos cuidadosamente desenhados para esclarecer a associação entre depressão durante o período gestacional e baixo peso ao nascer.
A systematic review was conducted, focusing on the relationship between depression during pregnancy and increased risk of low birth weight. The review covered articles published in PubMed, SciELO, and ISIWEB using the key words "depression", "pregnancy", "birth weight" and "low birth weight". Ninety-nine studies were located, but after reading the abstracts only 10 articles were selected. According to criteria proposed by Downs & Black (1998) to assess the quality of the selected studies, only one was considered excellent, since it reached the maximum score of 20. Depression during pregnancy was associated with low birth weight in seven studies. Contradictions in the findings are due to differences in the scales used to evaluate depression, sample size, and insufficient control of important limiting factors for evaluating the results. Carefully designed studies are thus needed to elucidate the association between intra-gestational depression and low birth weight.
