ABSTRACT
Introducción y objetivo: La distancia entre los genitales y el ano (distancia anogenital [AGD]) es un reflejo de la concentración de andrógenos durante el desarrollo prenatal en mamíferos. En la actualidad solo existe un estudio que indique la relación entre AGD y riesgo de presentar cáncer de próstata (CaP). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la utilidad clínica de la AGD, como biomarcador del ambiente androgénico prenatal y el riesgo de presentar CaP en una amplia población. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles sobre 260 pacientes, atendidos en la consulta externa de Urología, a los que se sometió a examen físico y andrológico, y cumplimentaron cuestionarios. En los pacientes con CaP (n = 125) hubo confirmación histológica de la enfermedad y se dividió a los pacientes según la puntuación de Gleason acorde con los grupos de riesgo de d'Amico. Los controles (n = 135) fueron hombres sin signos, ni síntomas de CaP que fueron atendidos en la consulta externa de Urología para un examen rutinario. Se midieron 2variantes de AGD (del ano a la base posterior del escroto [AGDAS] y del ano a la inserción cefálica del pene [AGDAP]). Se utilizaron pruebas paramétricas y no paramétricas y curvas ROC para determinar la relación entre la AGD y la presencia de CaP. Resultados: La mayor área bajo la curva se obtuvo para el subgrupo de Gleason = 7 con las mediciones AGDAS y AGDAP (0,69; IC del 95%: 0,60-0,78 y 0,69; IC del 95%: 0,61-0,77, respectivamente), con una sensibilidad y especificidad del 83 y el55%, y el 91 y el 41%, un valor predictivo positivo del 39 y el 35%, y predictivo negativo del 90 y el 93%, respectivamente. Conclusión: Nuestros resultados sugieren que la AGD podría ser una herramienta clínica útil para el diagnóstico del CaP
Introduction and objective: The distance from the genitals to the anus (anogenital distance [AGD]) reflects androgen concentration during prenatal development in mammals. At the present time, there is only one study suggesting the relationship between AGD and risk of prostate cancer (CaP). The goal of this study was to assess the performance and clinical utility of AGD, as a biomarker of prenatal androgenic milieu, and risk of CaP in a larger population, in CaP diagnosis. Material and methods: A case-control study was conducted on 260 men seen in a hospital outpatient clinic where underwent a physical and andrological examination and completed a brief questionnaire. CaP patients were confirmed by biopsy of the tumor. Controls were men without CaP seen in the urology outpatient clinic for routine examinations. Two variants of AGD (from the anus to the posterior base of the scrotum [AGDAS] and to the cephalad insertion of the penis [AGDAP]) were measured. Parametric and non-parametric tests and receiver operating characteristic (COR) analyses were used to determine relationships between AGD and presence of CaP. Results: The highest area under the curve (0.69; 95% CI 0.60 to 0.78 and 0.69; 95% CI 0.61 to 0.77) was obtained for the Gleason = 7 subgroup with the AGDAS and AGDAP measurement, with a sensitivity and specificity of 83% and 55%, and 91% and 41%, the predictive positive value of 39% and 35% and negative value of 90% and 93% respectively. Conclusion: AGD may be a useful clinical tool for the CaP diagnosis
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Middle Aged , Prostatic Neoplasms/diagnosis , Genitalia, Male/anatomy & histology , Anal Canal/anatomy & histology , Case-Control Studies , ROC Curve , Sensitivity and Specificity , Predictive Value of Tests , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The distance from the genitals to the anus (anogenital distance [AGD]) reflects androgen concentration during prenatal development in mammals. At the present time, there is only one study suggesting the relationship between AGD and risk of prostate cancer (CaP). The goal of this study was to assess the performance and clinical utility of AGD, as a biomarker of prenatal androgenic milieu, and risk of CaP in a larger population, in CaP diagnosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A case-control study was conducted on 260 men seen in a hospital outpatient clinic where underwent a physical and andrological examination and completed a brief questionnaire. CaP patients were confirmed by biopsy of the tumor. Controls were men without CaP seen in the urology outpatient clinic for routine examinations. Two variants of AGD (from the anus to the posterior base of the scrotum [AGDAS] and to the cephalad insertion of the penis [AGDAP]) were measured. Parametric and non-parametric tests and receiver operating characteristic (COR) analyses were used to determine relationships between AGD and presence of CaP. RESULTS: The highest area under the curve (0.69; 95% CI 0.60 to 0.78 and 0.69; 95% CI 0.61 to 0.77) was obtained for the Gleason=7 subgroup with the AGDAS and AGDAP measurement, with a sensitivity and specificity of 83% and 55%, and 91% and 41%, the predictive positive value of 39% and 35% and negative value of 90% and 93% respectively. CONCLUSION: AGD may be a useful clinical tool for the CaP diagnosis.
Subject(s)
Anal Canal/anatomy & histology , Penis/anatomy & histology , Prostatic Neoplasms/diagnosis , Scrotum/anatomy & histology , Adult , Aged , Body Weights and Measures , Case-Control Studies , Humans , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
El cociente entre la longitud del segundo y cuarto dedo (2D:4D) de la mano es un rasgo de dimorfismo sexual, presentando los hombres una ratio menor que las mujeres.1 Varios estudios de cohortes2,3 y un metaanálisis,4 han mostrado que la diferencia de género en la ratio de los dedos se asocia con la exposición de andrógenos prenatales. El cociente 2D:4D está inversamente relacionado a la exposición intrauterina de testosterona (T) y directamente relacionado a la de estradiol.2 Existe evidencia que afirma que la ratio 2D:4D podría ser un marcador válido para los niveles hormonales del adulto (T y estrógeno),3 aunque ese dato es controvertido.4Por esa razón, el cociente 2D:4D seha utilizado como un biomarcador no invasivo y retrospectivo para la exposición prenatal de andrógenos, y se ha correlacionado con una amplia gama de enfermedades como el autismo,5 así como la cognición visoespacial y la orientación sexual.6
The quotient between the length of the second and fourth finger (2D:4D) hand is a trait of sexual dimorphism, featuring the men a lower ratio than women.1 Several studies of the cohorts2,3 and a meta-analysis,4 have shown that the difference between The gender ratio of the fingers is associated with the exposure of prenatal androgens. The quotient 2D:4D is inversely related to intrauterine testosterone (T) exposure and directly related to that of estradiol.2 There is evidence which states that the 2D:4D ratio could be a valid marker for adult hormone levels (T and estrogen),3 although that data is controversial.4 For that reason, the 2D:4D quotient has been used as a noninvasive and retrospective biomarker for prenatal exposure to androgens, and it has been correlated with a wide range of diseases such as autism,5 as well as such as visuospatial cognition and sexual orientation.6
