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1.
Cureus ; 15(2): e35072, 2023 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36942184

ABSTRACT

In the following case review, we present a 49-year-old male without a history of injection drug (IDU) use nor any known structural heart disease, who developed left-sided pseudomonal infectious endocarditis. The only known risk factors were urinary tract infection (UTI) with secondary bacteremia and prolonged healthcare contact with admission to the intensive care unit. Infectious endocarditis (IE) is the infection of the endocardium. The official diagnosis can only be established after histological and microbiological studies confirm microorganism-colonized vegetations in the heart valves, but a clinical suspicion with high sensitivity and specificity can be approached with modified Duke's criteria. Even though structural heart disease is the major predisposing factor for IE, healthcare-associated IE has risen with the new therapeutic interventions. Transient bacteremia, which might result after various procedures, forms part of the factors causing healthcare-associated IE. Although both, community-acquired and hospital-acquired infections by Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been reported, pure community-acquired infections without previous exposure to the hospital or healthcare environment are extremely rare. Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are at special risk for this microbe. It is considered an important causative agent in ventilator/associated pneumonia, catheter-associated urinary tract infection (UTI), and catheter-associated bloodstream infections. IE by P. aeruginosa remains a rare form of IE. Though 95% of cases are associated with injection drug use (IDU), healthcare contact is becoming more important each day as the primary risk factor. The most common complications include abscesses in the ring and annulus, congestive heart failure (CHF), embolisms, inability to sterilize valves, splenic abscesses, recurrent bacteremia, and neurologic complications. This condition is highly fatal, with a mortality rate of over 73% for patients older than 30 years. Recommended antibiotic treatment for IE caused by P. aeruginosa consists of high-dose tobramycin in combination with antipseudomonal penicillin or high-dose ceftazidime, cefepime, or imipenem.

2.
Rev. costarric. salud pública ; 24(2): 168-173, jul.-dic. 2015.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-844759

ABSTRACT

ResumenLa infección por el Virus del Nilo Occidental es endémica en Norteamérica desde 1999 y actualmente hay casos aislados en gran parte de América. Aunque el 80 % de los casos son asintomáticos, existe casi un 20 % que se presenta como una enfermedad febril aguda indistinguible de otras infecciones por flavivirus como el Dengue, y menos de 1 % se puede manifestar como un síndrome neurológico grave: meningitis, encefalitis o parálisis flácida; siendo esta la forma más severa y discapacitante de la enfermedad.El diagnóstico debe basarse en un alto índice de sospecha clínico y confirmarse por métodos de laboratorio que usualmente consisten en serología. No existe tratamiento específico, se debe dar manejo de soporte, y algunos autores recomiendan en las formas graves utilizar gammaglobulina. En Costa Rica se han presentado casos de la enfermedad en el año 2010, lo cual sin duda obedece a que se tienen todas las condiciones ambientales para que ocurran, por lo que se sugiere un abordaje multidisciplinario de esta infección.


AbstractThe West Nile Virus infection is endemic in North America since 1999, and nowadays sporadic cases are seen across America. Although 80 % cases are asymptomatic, the remaining 20 % appear as acute febrile illness like other flavivirus infections such as dengue, and less than 1 % may occur as a severe neurologic disease: meningitis, encephalitis or flaccid paralysis; the last being the most severe and disabling form of the disease.The diagnosis should be made when a high index of clinical suspicion is present and confirmed with laboratory tests, such as serology. There is no specific treatment, only support care; and some authors recommend that in severe cases gammaglobulin be used. In Costa Rica there were isolated cases in 2010, which occurred because all necessary environmental conditions were present; therefore a multidisciplinary approach is needed in the management of this infection.


Subject(s)
Humans , West Nile Fever/diagnosis , West Nile Fever/physiopathology , West Nile virus , Costa Rica
3.
J Clin Microbiol ; 53(4): 1216-26, 2015 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25653402

ABSTRACT

The prevalence of Clostridium difficile infections has increased due to the emergence of epidemic variants from diverse genetic lineages. Here we describe the emergence of a novel variant during an outbreak in a Costa Rican hospital that was associated with severe clinical presentations. This C. difficile variant elicited higher white blood cell counts and caused disease in younger patients than did other strains isolated during the outbreak. Furthermore, it had a recurrence rate, a 30-day attributable disease rate, and disease severity as great as those of the epidemic strain NAP1. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotyping indicated that the outbreak strains belong to a previously undescribed variant, designated NAPCR1. Whole-genome sequencing and ribotyping indicated that the NAPCR1 variant belongs to C. difficile ribotype 012 and sequence type 54, as does the reference strain 630. NAPCR1 strains are resistant to fluoroquinolones due to a mutation in gyrA, and they possess an 18-bp deletion in tcdC that is characteristic of the epidemic, evolutionarily distinct, C. difficile NAP1 variant. NAPCR1 genomes contain 10% more predicted genes than strain 630, most of which are of hypothetical function and are present on phages and other mobile genetic elements. The increased virulence of NAPCR1 was confirmed by mortality rates in the hamster model and strong inflammatory responses induced by bacteria-free supernatants in the murine ligated loop model. However, NAPCR1 strains do not synthesize toxin A and toxin B at levels comparable to those in NAP1 strains. Our results suggest that the pathogenic potential of this emerging C. difficile variant is due to the acquisition of hypothetical functions associated with laterally acquired DNA.


Subject(s)
Clostridioides difficile/isolation & purification , Clostridioides difficile/pathogenicity , Clostridium Infections/epidemiology , Diarrhea/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , Animals , Clostridioides difficile/classification , Clostridioides difficile/genetics , Clostridium Infections/microbiology , Clostridium Infections/pathology , Costa Rica/epidemiology , Cross Infection/chemically induced , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Cross Infection/microbiology , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , Diarrhea/microbiology , Diarrhea/pathology , Disease Models, Animal , Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field , Female , Gene Transfer, Horizontal , Genotype , Hospitals , Humans , Intestines/pathology , Male , Mesocricetus , Mice , Molecular Sequence Data , Molecular Typing , Retrospective Studies , Ribotyping , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Survival Analysis , Virulence , Virulence Factors/genetics
4.
Med. UIS ; 27(3): 19-26, sep.-dic. 2014. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-743891

ABSTRACT

Introducción: la histoplasmosis es una micosis que fue descrita por primera vez en Panamá, producida por la especie Histoplasma capsulatum, un hongo dimórfico endémico de los valles fluviales de América, el cual produce infección sobretodo en personas con deficiencias en la inmunidad celular, particularmente el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. Las guías internacionales definen la primera línea de tratamiento contra la histoplasmosis con anfotericina B liposomal hasta que la condición clínica mejore, y entonces traslaparlo a itraconazol oral por al menos 12 meses. Objetivo: determinar las características de la población con histoplasmosis en el Hospital San Juan de Dios, y valorar los resultados del uso combinado de anfotericina B deoxicolato y fluconazol como tratamiento alternativo de anfotericina liposomal e itraconazol. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo con los casos positivos por histoplasmosis entre el año 2008 y el 2012 atendidos en el Hospital San Juan de Dios, obtenidos con datos del laboratorio y de la Clínica de HIV-SIDA del hospital. Se encontraron 36 casos pero debido a problemas técnicos de archivo solo se tuvo acceso a 15 expedientes. Este trabajo contó con el aval del Comité Local de Bioética y su análisis estadístico fue realizado en Excel 2007 con la estimación de las frecuencias absolutas y relativas de las variables de interés. Resultados: se presenta un reporte de 15 casos con el diagnóstico de histoplasmosis hecho por cultivo u observación directa en muestras de médula ósea, y solo uno por biopsia. El 60% eran hombres, el promedio de edad fue cerca de los 35 años, 86,7% tenían virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana con una media de linfocitos CD4 de 60 celulas/mm³. Los 15 pacientes tuvieron histoplasmosis diseminada aguda progresiva como forma de presentación clínica y dos además tuvieron compromiso intestinal. Solo dos pacientes tuvieron una recaída de la histoplasmosis y ambos ...


Background: histoplasmosis is a fungic infectious disease described for the first time in Panama by the specie Histoplasma capsulatum, a dimorphic fungus endemic from the fluvial valleys from America, the disease is developed in very few persons mostly in those with deficience in their celular inmunity particularly with HIV. The International Guidelines define the first line of therapy against histoplasmosis with Liposomal Amphotericin B therapy until the clinical condition improve, and then switched to itraconazole for at least 12 months. Objetive: to know the characteristics of the patients with histoplasmosis at Hospital San Juan de Dios and to state the value of the combined use of amphotericin B deoxycholate and fluconazole as alternative therapy to liposomal amphotericin and itraconazole. Methods: It was made a retrospective study with histoplasmosis positive cases in 2008 to 2012 attended in the Hospital San Juan de Dios, obtained from laboratory and HIV local group files. It was founded 36 cases, and for archive technical reasons we only had access to review 15 clinical records. This study had the local bioethical and research commission approval. The statistical analysis was made in Excell 2007 through the estimation of absolute and relative frecuencies of the variables of interest. Results: this is the case of 15 patients with the diagnosis of histoplasmosis made by culture and direct observation in bone marrow samples, and only one by biopsy. A 60% were male, the average age of the infection onset nearby 35 years old, 86,7% corresponded to HIV patients among which the mean of lymphocites CD4 was 60 cells/mm³. The 15 patients have acute progressive disseminated histoplasmosis as clinical presentation, and two also have intestinal involve. Only two patients had a histoplasmosis relapse and both with HAART desertion associated. Conclusions: it was founded the combination of Amphotericin B deoxycholate, fluconazole and ...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Communicable Diseases , HIV , Histoplasmosis , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , Diagnosis , Fungi , Histoplasma , Infections , Laboratories , Mycoses
5.
Acta méd. costarric ; 54(1): 55-58, ene.-mar. 2012. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-648443

ABSTRACT

Paciente masculino de 44 años de edad, vecino de Santa Teresa de Puntarenas con un cuadro agudo de fiebre, escalosfríos, artralgias intensas y malestar general; 15 días después de una picadura de garrapata. Se realizó inmunofluorescencia indirecta para Borrelia burgdorferi, cual fue positiva y el paciente mejoró con 14 días de tratamiento con doxiciclina. Se descartaron otras patologías infecciosas y no infecciosas, por lo que consideramos el caso como el primer caso autóctono de enfermedad de Lyme, EL, en Costa Rica.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Doxycycline , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect , Lyme Disease , Tick Infestations , Costa Rica
6.
Acta méd. costarric ; 53(3): 154-156, jul.-sept. 2011.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-648419

ABSTRACT

Paciente masculino de 36 años de edad, proveniente de la zona rural de Costa Rica, con un cuadro clínico de 8 meses de evolución de fiebre, mialgias, artralgias, pérdida de peso y lumbalgia; referido por la detección de un soplo de insuficiencia aórtica. El ecocardiograma reveló endocarditis de la válvula aórtica, y se obtuvieron 4 hemocultivos positivos por Brucella abortus biotipo 3, serología negativa por brucelosis. Se inició con antibióticos y luego se le realizó un valvular aórtico; 4 meses después ingresó con dolor torácico que se atribuye a una oclusión de la arteria descendente anterior, demostrada angiográficamente, por posible embolismo. En la actualidad cursa clínicamente estable con manejo médico para su cardiopatía, sin recaída infecciosa.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Brucellosis , Endocarditis , Costa Rica
8.
Acta méd. costarric ; 49(4): 222-225, oct-dic. 2007. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-581236

ABSTRACT

Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 29 años de edad, quien se presentó con un cuadro de fiebre, sudoración nocturna y pérdida de peso, el que inicialmente fue catalogado como dengue clásico, pero que al persistir, fue abordado como fiebre de origen desconocido. Debido a que las pruebas de laboratorio y gabinete iniciales no fueron concluyentes, fue necesario realizar una laparotomía exploratoria para obtener material histológico en el que se demostraron granulomas caseosos en el hígado y formas similares a micobacterias con las tinciones especiales. Con el tratamiento antifímico, se observó una respuesta clínica favorable, por lo que se concluye que el cuadro corresponde a una probable TB hepática.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Fever of Unknown Origin , Tuberculosis, Hepatic/diagnosis , Tuberculosis, Hepatic/physiopathology , Tuberculosis, Hepatic/drug therapy
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